Migration in America Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Migration in America - Research Paper Example Native American Migrations Although we started the topic with that of immigrant population, when considering the influential ethnic groups in the country it is only right to start with the natives of the country itself, the American Indians. In the early nineteenth century the native tribes of America were mostly concentrated in the agriculturally rich lands down south, west of the Mississippi river. As the United States starting growing in population and economic status, many of the white European settlers started moving towards the south in search of land and abundance. The native settlers proved an obstacle to the white dominion of the land and subsequently between the years 1814 to the 1824, the native settlers were driven out of their homes. As a result of various treaties that were signed between the United States Government and the natives, they had to forfeit their ownership of their native lands, by virtue of the â€Å"right of occupancy† policy adopted by the then Un ited States Government and, settle for lands further west. Some left willingly as a means of buying peace while other tribes fought for their freedom and stayed back in their lands. Subsequently after many wars the Indians spread their tribes in faraway lands and forced to sell themselves to slavery. Today the Native American tribes live in government-sponsored reservations governed by their respective tribal heads and have undergone some urbanization. This migration is however not one effected by want for better economic conditions but is a forced migration. Therefore from a relative viewpoint, it has not effected much economic growth since the Native Americans still continue to be a minority population in the country. African American Migrations The history of slavery in America started in the year 1808 and brought many of African ethnicity from different regions across the Atlantic as slaves to places like Oklahoma and the agrarian states down south of the Mississippi. Some other s who escaped slavery moved to other parts along the coast. The slaves formed small communities and made their homes near their wealthy white masters, as they did not have any other means of survival. After the civil war and the abolition of slavery however the African American community started growing roots down south. Racial tension and discrimination in a white dominated society gave vent to the Great Migration between the years 1810 to 1830. The oppressed slaves fled from their homes in search of freedom as well as livelihood in other parts in the Midwest like Chicago, North East like New York and New Jersey and far West like Los Angeles and San Francisco. Subsequent migrations in 1840 saw the African American population spreading themselves to other parts of the country. However most of the African American population still longed for their homes down. Thus when the Civil Rights Act was passed, most African Americans migrated back to their homes with dreams of better economic and social conditions. The result of the first migrations saw great urbanization amongst the African Americans and in conditions which were less if not completely non-discriminatory. However with the new economic climate there is a trend of reverse migration back to south in search of lower cost of living and less pressures of urban life. The migratory pattern of the African American population is therefore driven by cultural and economic condition

Atlas Honda Motorcycle company †BRM report Essay Example for Free

Atlas Honda Motorcycle company – BRM report Essay Atlas Auto Limited manufactures and markets Honda Motorcycle under a technical assistance agreement with Honda Motorcycle Company LTD. of Japan. An epoch-making event in the history of the company cementing of Atlas Honda relation with Honda Motorcycle Company LTD. Of Japan becoming as equity-holder in Atlas in 1988. Due to the suitability wide range and high quality of the product, Honda motorcycles are by for the best selling motorcycle in the country. Turnover has risen from Rs. 2. 5 million in 1965 to Rs. 830 million in1987. Pakistan’s motorcycle market size is still relatively quite small Nevertheless. Atlas has undertaken to develop local manufacturing capabilities to the highest-level economically feasible while a major role in localization has been assigned to vendor industries. Atlas has invested Rs. 197 million in fixed assets between 1983 and1987 to develop the country largest in house manufacturing capacity in the industry. By end of 1988 local component will go upto 70% of Atlas product. Atlas management is strivings to modernize company operation by adapting applicable aspects of research and theory and more especially Honda’s philosophy and practices to the realities of  Pakistani Conditions Company management structure and processes are being transferred to meet challenges of growth and change. Effort are being made to develop genuine participation of all levels of personnel in decision making; substantial and effective delegation has been established at all level various participation programmes, such as â€Å"Alaymayar† quality circles movement launched in 1985 are supported to encourage constructive self expression and team work. The company training and development programmes encourage each member to develop himself to his full potential. To support the production facilities the company has established a RD wing and tool making facilities which are set to grow rapidly in size and function. Atlas is playing a pioneering role in creating conditions for easy and confident use of motorcycle all over the country. A vast network of motorcycle, service and share parts dealers has been established to provide dependable service to every motorcycle user. To back up this system, Atlas has set up a permanent motorcycle technical training center in Lahore which provide several courses of varying duration and complexity for motorcycle mechanics user each year. Mobile training facilities take the latest know how on technology and maintenance of motorcycles to major rural centers around the country. ORGANIZATION HISTORY The established year of Atlas Autos Limited in 1963. In 1964 Atlas entered into technical assistance agreement with Honda Motorcycle Company of Japan for manufacturing and assembly of Honda Motorcycle in Pakistan. It is the only Public Limited Company in the industry of Pakistan. Atlas Autos Limited operate two plants one at Panjdarys Sheikhpura Road Lahore. Both Plants are franchises and have relationship of technical collaboration. MANAGEMENT OF ATLAS AUTOS. In 1964 Atlas autos started business as assembler of Honda Motorcycle, than they came into the business of import Honda spare parts. The organization set up of Atlas is as follows:- A Board of Director consists of 7 members, elect a chairman, chairman has all managerial authority. Chairman is selected out of directors and It is the responsibility of chairman to conduct the business on a satisfactory line and maximize the profit. After the chairman then comes C. E. O (Chief executive officer). Then for assistance of chairman and C. E. O personal manager, accounts manager, production manager and marketing manager are selected. Seven managers are working under C. E. O each manager is responsible for respective function. There are two sales managers one for North Zone and one for south Zone. In the every zone two provinces. In the North Zone come Punjab, NWFP and Azad Kashmir. In south zone Sindh and Baluchistan. In north zone there are three regions. 1- Lahore 2- Multan 3- Rawalpindi The head of every region is regional manager. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main purpose of my research is:- v To Visualize and identify these factors that contribute to the demand of Honda Motorcycle in Multan city (Punjab, Pakistan). v To recommend suggestion to increase the demand of Honda Motorcycle and getting much marketing share. RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is the arrangement to condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine the relevance to research purpose with economy in procedure. Measurement For the measurement of attitude of people, We used open-ended questions as well as fixed alternative questions in our questionnaire. Sampling The basic idea in sampling is that the analysis of some of the element in the population provide useful information’s about entire population. An element is the subject on which the  measurement is being taken. It can be called as the unit of study. Population is the total collection of element about which we wish to make increase. For the selection of sample, we used the stratified sampling. We divide the Mutlan city into 4 regions which are given as under: 1. Gulgasht 2. Hussain Agahi 3. Shah Rukan Alam 4. Cantt After dividing the Multan city into different region. The we used random sampling and select 25 respondents from evry region. Our target respondents are the customers and dealers of Honda Motor Cycle. Sample Size Dealers and customers of Honda Motor Cycle are easily available, so it is easy to select a big  sample size. For the purpose of our research We selected a sample of 100 customers and 3 dealers of Honda Motor Cycle, because of the time constraint that’s why we selected these customers and dealers. Data Collection Method The report is based on primary data. Information are directly taken form the customers and dealers of Honda Motor Cycle for the particular purpose. For that purpose we developed two questionnaire ( for customers and dealers ). We have conducted personal survey method. The main qualities of this survey method are as fellows: 1. The most important features of this method is that it leads towards high participation. Moreover, in personally interview the interview can carry with additional information’s. 2. The props and visual aids can also enhance the vision of knowledge of interviewer. The interviewer has more control over the personal interview than other interrogation types. 3. The greatest value of this method is the depth and detail of information that can be secured. It for exceeds in volume and quality, the information we can usually secure from telephone and mail survey. 4. The interview can do more things to improve the quality of the information received than with other methods. Respondent motivation is heavily in the hand of the interviewer. Studies of reaction to a number of surveys indicate that respondents can be motivated to participate in personal interviews. Medium of Communication All the users of Honda Motor Cycle are not educated. So we adopt different style. For educated persons we use the same questionnaire. But for uneducated persons we translate the questionnaire for them. Questionnaire For Consumers Q. 1: What is your Occupation? REPONSES % AGE Student 15 15% Govt. Employee 40 40% Business man 20 20% Others 25 25% Total 100 100% Conclusion: In our respondents 15 persons are students, 40 are Govt. Employee, 20 business man and 25 are related to other occupation. From this result we can say the users of Honda Motorcycle are Govt. Employee and Other occupation. Q. 2: What is your Income Group? REPONSES % AGE 5000-10000 30 30% 11000-15000 40 40% 16000-20000 20 20% 21000-25000 8 8% 26000-above 2 2% Total 100 100% Conclusion: The respondents whose income is 5000 to 10000 are 30, 11000 to 15000 are 40, from 16000 to 20000 are 20, from 21000 to 25000 are 8 and finally 26000 and above are only 2. So we can say that the user of Honda Motorcycle is middle family people so it is bike of economical people. Q. 3: What is your preference? RESPONSES % AGE Yamaha 0 0% Honda 100 100% Suzuki 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: We have interviewed just those persons who are driving Honda Motor Cycle so preference for this sample comes to 100%. Q. 4: You yourself purchased it? RESPONSES % AGE Yes 92 No 8 Total 100 Conclusion: Out of a sample of 100 respondent 92 were of the view that they personally purchased the bike and 8 said that is give to them by their company. So it means that 92% people have purchased the bike personally which 8% people got it from their company. Q. 5: When did you purchase Honda Motorcycle? RESPONSES % AGE Before 1984 0 0% 1985-1990 10 10% 1991-1995 20 20% 1996-2000 25 25% After 2000 45 45% Total 100 100% Conclusion: When we asked this question to respondent, out of 100, 10 were those who purchased during 1985-1990, 20 were those who purchased during 1991-1995, 25 were those who purchased during 1996-2000 and finally 45 were those who purchased after 2000 so we can say that the market or demand of latest model is more than others. Q. 6: Why you purchase Honda Motorcycle? Because of RESPONSES % AGE Fuel consumption 58 58% Less Noisy 0 0% Parts Availability 0 0% All of the above 42 42% Total. Conclusion: Out of 100 respondents, 58 persons said that they preferred Honda Motorcycle due to fuel consumption, and 42 persons say that they purchase Honda motorcycle because of all these qualities which mention are present in the motorcycle. So we can say mostly people purchase Honda motorcycle because of Fuel consumption. Q. 7: have you used any other brand of Motorcycle? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 45 45% No 55 55% Total 100 100% Conclusion: When we asked this question, 45 respondents said that they used other brand of motorcycle while 55 persons told us that they never used any other brand of Motorcycle. Q. 8: If yes then what is the reason of change? RESPONSES %AGE Fuel consumption 40 88. 888% Spare part availability 0 0% Any other mention 5 11. 111% Total 45 100% Conclusion: In response to this question 40 respondent said that they have change previous motorcycle with Honda motorcycle because petrol average per liter of previous motorcycle is very low as compared to Honda motorcycle and 5 respondent said that any other mention like there machines are not easily available and etc. Q. 9: What is average coverage of your Motorcycle per liter? RESPONSES %AGE 40-50 15 15% 51-60 60 60% 61-70 25 25% 71-80 0 0%. Total 100 100% Conclusion: In the regard of this question, 15 person said that their bike cover 41-50 km per litter while 60 respondents said 51-60,and 25 respondent said 61-70. So I can say it is a main factor of Honda bike. Q. 10: Do the spare parts easily available? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 100 100% No 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: When I asked this question, response to this question is 100% in favor. The respondents said they have to never face any problem because the spare parts of Honda Motorcycle are easily available. So it is also a main cause that Honda motorcycle has an edge on other Motorcycle. Q. 11: Do you think that fuel consumption affect your purchase decision? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 91 91% No 9 9% Total 100 100% Conclusion: In the response of this question all respondent said that fuel consumption affect their purchasing decision. They said we can save our money. Because expense of this motorcycle is less as compare to other motorcycle. Q. 12: If Yes then how much? RESPONSES %AGE Very much 60 65. 94% High 20 21. 98% Low 0 0% Normal 11 12. 1% Total 91 100% Conclusion: Out of 100 respondent 60 said that fuel consumption affect their decision very much while 20 said that it is high affect on their decision. While 11 said that fuel consumption has normal affect on their decision. Q. 13: Do you think the price of motorcycle affect your buying decision? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 56 56% No 44 44% Total 100 100% Conclusion: In the response of this question, 56 respondent are those said that price affect their purchasing decision while other 44 respondent told that price does not affect their purchasing decision. Q. 14: If yes than up to what extent? RESPONSES %AGE High 32 57. 15% Normal 22 39. 29% Low 2 3. 58% Total 56 100% Conclusion: Out of 56 respondents are those who said that price affect their purchasing decision, 32 persons  said price has high affect while 22 respondent said that price has normal affect and finally 2 respondent said that it has low affect on their buying decision. Q. 15: Do the mechanics easily available for the repair of Motorcycle? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 100 100% No 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: When we asked this question the entire respondent said that mechanics are easily available for the repair of Honda Motorcycle. So it is also a main factor that Honda Motorcycle captured the market and spread all over the country. Q. 16: What is the resale value of Honda motorcycle after four years? RESPONSES %AGE More then half price 70 70% Equal to half price 29 29% Less than half price 1 1% Total 100 100% Conclusion: Honda Motorcycle is a cash deposit bike. You can cash it at any time. When we asked about the resale value all respondent said that they preferred Honda Motorcycle because it will be sold more than half price. Some respondent said that they sold Honda motorcycle more than their original price. So it is an important factor of Honda Motorcycle. Q. 17: What is the performance of its shocks? RESPONSES %AGE Very good 25 25% Good 55 55% Normal 20 20% Bad 0 0% Very Bad 0 0%. Total 100 100% Conclusion: In response to this question, 25 respondent said V. Good, 55 said Good and 20 people said the performance of shocks is normal. So we can say that the over all performance of shocks is good. Q. 18: What is the performance of its engine? RESPONSES %AGE Very Good 25 25% Good 70 70% Normal 5 5% Bad 0 0% Very Bad 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 25 respondents said that performance of engine is V. Good 70 respondent said good while 5 person said normal. So it is a main cause due to which Honda Motorcycle captured the market. Q. 19: How is it’s electric system (cdi) ? RESPONSES %AGE Very Good 14 14% Good 40 40% Normal 45 45% Bad 0 0% Very Bad 0 0% No (cdi system) 1 1% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 14% respondent said V. Good, 40% said good and 45% respondent said Normal electric system and 1 respondent said that he has no cdi system I his motorcycle. So over all we can say that Honda electric system of Honda Motorcycle is good. Q. 20: How is the pick up of Honda Motorcycle? RESPONSES %AGE Very Good 5 5% Good 20 20% Normal 75 75% Bad 0 0% Very Bad 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 5% people said that pick up of Honda Motorcycle power sV. Good, 20% said good and 75%. respondent said its pickup is normal. From this result we conclude that Honda motorcycle is economical bike for the people. Q. 21: Is it a balanced bike? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 100 100% No 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: From 100 respondent all the respondent said that it is a Balanced Bike. So we can conclude that it is balanced bike. Q. 22: Have you seen any Advertise of Honda Motorcycle on TV or any other media like Newspaper, journal etc? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 80 805 No 20 205 Total 100 100% Conclusion: Out of 100 respondents 80 says that they have seen the advertisement of Honda motorcycle and  20 says that they haven’t seen it. So we can say that most of the people have seen the advertisement of Honda Motorcycle. Q. 23: Whether the advertisement of Honda Motorcycle is Impressive? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 30 37. 5% No 50 62. 5% Total 80 100% Conclusion: In the response of this question 37. 5% respondent said that advertisement of Honda CD 70 is impressive while 62. 5% said that it is negative. So, we can conclude that advertisement is not good of Honda motorcycle. Q. 24: Do you thing the advertisement affect your purchasing decision? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 10 12. 5% No 70 87. 5% Total 80 100% Conclusion: Out of 80 respondent 10 said that advertisement affect their purchasing decision while 70 said advertisement has no affect on their buying decision. Q. 25: Do you think the market value affect your purchasing decision? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 95 95% No 5 5% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 95% respondent said that market value affect their purchasing decision while 5% said in No. Honda motorcycle is such motorcycle which we can sell it at any time. So it is a main cause Honda motor has an edge on other motorcycle. Q. 26: Are you satisfied with company after sales service? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 75 75% No 25 25% Total 100 100%. Conclusion: In the regard of this question 75 respondents said that they are satisfied with after sales service while 25 respondents said that they are not satisfied. Q. 27: Have you any suggestion about motor cycle to the company? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 30 30% No 70 70% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 30 respondents give different suggestion they said that company make it heavy, Improve the equality make it innovative reduces the prices of spare parts etc. while 70 respondents give no suggestion. Q. 28: What is your education? RESPONSES %AGE Metric 10 10% F. A. 30 30% B. A. 40 40% Masters 20 20% Uneducated 0 0% Total 100 100%. Conclusion: In our respondent 10 are Metric, 30 are F. A. 40 B. A. and 20 respondents are in masters. So we can say educated people mostly used it. Questionnaire For Dealers Q. 1: Why you preferred the dealership of Honda Motorcycle? RESPONSES %AGE Incentive to dealers 0 0% Easily dealership available 0 0% Much sale 3 100% Total 3 100% Conclusion: Out of 3 dealers, all of them preferred the dealership of Honda motorcycle because its sale is more than other motorcycle. Q. 2: How is the security requirement for its dealership? RESPONSES %AGE High 1 33. 333% Low 0 0% Normal 2 66. 667% Total 3 100% Conclusion: 1 respondent said that its security requirement is high, while 2 respondent said that security requirement is normal. Q. 3: How much the incentive given to you? RESPONSES %AGE Very much 2 66. 667% Much 0 0% Normal 0 0% Less 1 33. 333% Total 3 100% Conclusion: 2 dealers said that for it’s dealership a very much security is required and while 1 say that less security is required for it’s dealership. Q. 5: Do you advise your family members, friends to purchase it? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 3 100% No 0 0% Total 3 100% Conclusion: When we asked this question from dealers, the response is 100%. They said that which thing  they sale they must advertise for it. Q. 6: Why people purchase it? Because of RESPONSES %AGE Fuel consumption 2 66. 667% Spare parts availability 0 0% Four stroke 0 0% All of above 1 33. 333% Total 3 100% Conclusion: In response to this question, 2 dealers said that people purchase it due to fuel consumption, and 1 dealer said that people preferred it because all these qualities are in this motorcycle. It is a four stroke, spare parts easily available and also fuel consumption is less as compare to other motorcycle. Q. 7: Do you check the bike before its sale? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 3 100% No 0 0% Total 3 100% Conclusion: In response to this question all dealers said that they check the bike before its sale. Q. 8: How much are your monthly Sale? RESPONSES %AGE 1-10 0 0% 11-20 0 0% 21-30 3 100% Total 3 100% Conclusion; In reply to this question all the dealers said that their monthly average sale is between 21-30. Q. 9: How much profit you get on the sale of a bike? RESPONSES %AGE 1000-2000 0 0% 2001-3000 3 100% More than 3000 0 0% Total 3 100% Conclusion; All the dealers said that there profit is between 2001-3000 from the sale of each motorbike. Q. 10: What is the behavior of its user about it? RESPONSES %AGE Good 0 0% Very Good 3 100%. Normal 0 0% Total 3 100% Conclusion: All the dealers said that the behavior of customers is very good towards Honda Motorcycle. Q. 11: What step you have taken for its promotion? RESPONSES %AGE Not taking steps for its promotion 0 0% Motivating the people suggestion to the company 3 100% Total 3 100% Conclusion: We are taking too many steps. We are increasing sales promotion effort. We are also increasing the advertisement of Honda Motorcycle. We are also tried to motivate the people to purchase it. We held seminars with the help of company and also use P. R and tell the people its advantage. Conclusion Conclusion. After conducting the research we can say that Honda motorcycle is successful and popular in people because of the following reasons: Spare Parts Availability: The spare parts of Honda motorcycle is easily avilavble in the market. If some fault occurs and due to that fault customers has to replace a particular parts, Which is easily available in the market, so customer has to face no problem. It is a main factor due to which Honda motorcycle is too much popular. Resale Value: The customers are strongly satisfied with the resale value of Honda motorcycle. The user can easily sale it more that half price at which he purchased. Some time the user of Honda Motorcycle sale it greater that price at which they purchased so it is a fact users agree with its resale value. Petrol Average: The petrol average of Honda motorcycle is also very good. In the beginning its average is very good and more than 70 km per litter. After some time its average decrease but not too much. The minimum petrol average of Honda motorcycle is 50 according to our survey. It is a very good petrol average. Service And Maintenance: The mechanics are easily available for the repair of motorcycle and they also trained in their work. So consumers have to  Face no problem of service and maintenance. After Sale Service: The company gives free service after sale of motorcycle. Due to this customers are satisfied with its after sales services. Pick up: The pick up power of Honda Motorcycle is good. The pick up power of other motorcycle is very low as compare to Honda Motorcycle. 4Strokes: This quality of Honda Motorcycle make this product different from others motorcycle. It is only 4 stroke motorcycle. Electric System: The electric system of Honda Motorcycle is also to much affective. Design: The management of Honda motorcycle changes the design of motorcycle at the time. Honda Company introduced or replaced 113 models of motorcycle with in 18 months, other companies are not able to introduce new model so quickly. Due to this factor Honda motorcycle is popular. Others: When we asked questions to the customers about the bike, most people said that it is a balanced bike. They showed satisfaction on the meter performance, shocks reliability and speed. One more factor we felt during our survey is that mostly students and Govt. servant like Honda motorcycle and it is more popular in highly educated person the age group 20-25 years and income Rs3000 to 5000.

Basketball :: Art

Basketball An out-line of the event or sport A brief out line of basketball is it is a game played with a pumped round ball between two teams of five players each on a rectangular court. In professional or minor competition basketball is usually played indoors, but it does not need to be. Each team tries to score by shooting the ball through the other teams goal at each end of the court, above their heads. The goal is a round hoop and net called a basket. The team scoring the most such throws, through field goals or foul shots, wins the game. Equipment used You do not need a lot of equipment to play basketball all you need is a basketball, a court and one or two basketball rings. The basketball court is in a shape of a rectangle ranging in size from about 29 m by 15 m to about 22 m by 13 m. At each end of the court is a backboard placed behind the ring, measuring usually about 2 m by 1 m, this is also in a rectangular shape although in some collages in America it is more in a shape of this. Each normal rectangular backboard is about 2.7 m (about 9 ft) above the court. The baskets are attached firmly to the backboards about 3 m (about 10 ft) above the playing surface. Each basket is about 46 cm (about 18 in) in diameter and consists of a round hoop, or metal ring, from which a wide-meshed white net is hung. The regulation basketball is an inflated, leather- or nylon-covered sphere that weighs from 567 to 624 g (20 to 22 oz.) and has a circumference of about 76-cm (about 30 in). What is involved A conventional basketball team, which is directed by a coach, is made up of two forwards, two guards, and a center. The two forwards are usually the better of the shooters and are really quick. In the jump they both stand between the circle and the opponents basket. The two guards stand in the backcourt. The center, usually the tallest player on the team who stands inside a circle that has a radius of about 61 cm (about 24 in) and is located midway along a line painted across the center of the court. The game commences with the tip-off, when the referee tosses the ball into the air over the center circle, in which the opposing centers stand face to face.

Health and Safety Program Essay

With the aim to align with the standards set by the OSHA and ensure employee safety and protection, the company has decided to create a (1) formal safety program for employees and (2) reduce workers’ compensation cost. Given such changes, the company shall elaborate on important guidelines and information needed by each employee to actively avail of such incentives. The next section will highlight the coverage of such amenities and benefits Workers’ Compensation and Safety The creation of the workers’ compensation and safety plan seeks to ensure a fair practice among the employers and the employees with the aim of creating compromise between two parties in each ones needs. The following are included in the overall program: 1. Rehabilitation of Injured Employee 2. Insurance Coverage 3. Cost Allocation Workers Compensation Insurance With the formalization of compensation policies, the company will provide insurance to its employees based on the following: a. the company will use self-insurance as its form of option b. the determinant for premium rates shall be computed based on a manual rating and shall be determined by the Manager of Health and Safety Please note that casual employees (part-time) and contractors & subcontractors are not subject to such changes. Coverage of Insurance and Safety Benefits The company will compensate workers and shoulder the expenses of employees who fit in the following categories: (1) Out of Employment Injuries, (2) Injuries during course of employment, (3) temporary disability and (4) permanent disability. With such initiative in mind, the company seeks to extend its arm towards its employees and wishes to assure each one that their welfare is taken care of. For the benefit of the workers and the growth of the company.

Different Forms of Fdi

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment that is made to acquire a lasting interest in an enterprise operating in an economic other than that of the investor. In addition foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to long term participation by country A into country B. It usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and â€Å"know-how†. FDI has many forms and theses can be categorized depending on the investors perspective and host country’s perspective. Investor’s perspective Controlling a foreign investment is such a big concern for an investor investing huge amounts of capital in a foreign market where it cannot be certain of success. The investor needs to control his resources such as patents, trademarks, management know-how, which when transferred can be used to determine the competitiveness position of the original holder. Horizontal Vs Vertical FDI Horizontal FDI takes place when a firm invests in the same industry as it has been operating in at home. This would be for example a soft drink company in UK investing in Uganda in the making of soft drinks like Pepsi. Vertical FDI is divided into Forward and Backward FDI. Forward Vertical; takes place when a firm invests in facilities that will consume the output of the mother company in the home country. Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and the removal of restrictions and limitations. This is usually done in search for markets . Usually the company invests in distribution and market facilities that absorb and market the products of the company in Uganda . Backward Vertical FDI is the kind of FDI where a company invests in facilities that provide inputs or raw materials to the parent company. Most FDIs in the less developing countries such as Uganda are backward investments. They provide inputs for the firms industry in foreign country. Typical examples are Extraction investments in the mining industry. Host country perspective Governments always endeavor to control FDI because they feel that national interests of the host country may not well be served by the decision of a foreign investor. For example; the government of Uganda regulates the number of foreign staff that companies like MTN, Zain have to employ otherwise positions could be given to foreign employees. The concern of Government of Uganda would be to ensure investments create jobs for the local populace. The government might also need to control the level of profits repatriated or else it could cause a BOP problem. Import substitution FDIs. these are companies that are established to produce goods that have been previously imported for example Bidcos oil for cooking. Export promotion FDI. These are established to enhance and promote exportation of products to the international market, Government initiated FDIs these are established by governments to spur economic growth and development for instance the Tri-Star project between the government of Uganda and USA Greed-field investment: establishing a wholly new operation in a foreign country. The majority of investments is in the form of mergers &acquisitions: Represents about 77%of all flows in developing countries and represent about 33%of all flows in less developing countries. Fewer target firms. The preference for mergers &acquisitions is because it becomes quicker to execute. And foreign firms have valuable strategic assets which increase the efficiency FDIs inform of Joint ventures An equity joint venture is established according to the Law on Joint Ventures Using Ugandan and Foreign Investment Both profits and risks are distributed between the foreign partner and Ugandan partner according to the share of capital they contribute to the joint venture. Foreign contribution usually takes t form of â€Å"machinery and equipment, technology, cash (in convertible currencies), industrial property rights, and managerial experience†, and the Ugandan partner provides â€Å"land, factory buildings and facilities, raw materials, and cash in local currency†. A contractual joint venture, which involves no equity stake, does not necessarily lead to the creation of a new legal entity. A third party can be appointed by the foreign partner and the Ugandan partner to manage the venture, or the foreign partner can entrust the Ugandan partner to manage the venture. Profits and risks are distributed between the two partners not according to capital contribution, but predetermined by the terms and conditions laid down in the venture agreement

Animal Rationality essays

Animal Rationality essays I bark, therefore I am: The question of rational animals Many individuals look at their dog or cat and wonder what the furry little creatures are thinking or question the reasoning behind a particular action. Here is encountered a very large debate in the philosophical and psychological world. Are certain animals, other than humans, rational creatures? Of course, there are people who sit on both sides of the fence on the rationality issue. Donald Davidson, author of "Rational Animals", proposes that no other creature on the face of the earth has the ability to rationalize, besides the human. Mr. Davidson derives a particular formula for proving, in his mind, that his hypotheses are correct. I, however, differ with Davidsons views and even question his logic at points. Throughout the course of my essay, I will describe Davidsons progression of thought as well as confirm his theory unworkable. By proving against Davidsons theory, I hope to undoubtedly show that there are, in fact, certain rational higher-level animals. Donald Davidson attempts to beat down any arguments for animal rationality in his essay, "Rational Animals". Davidson does do a relatively good job of convincing the reader of his notions. By proposing a progression of four interlocked steps, which condenses to only two later in the essay, Davidson hopes to dissolve any doubt that animals do not have rational minds. First, Davidson proposes that animals do not have a network of beliefs. Both Davidson and I agree on our definition of what a belief is. A belief is the knowledge of a certain idea, object, or concept. In regard to describing the term "network of beliefs", a quotation from Davidsons essay works the best: "One belief demands many beliefs, and beliefs demand other basic attitudes such as intentions, desires, . . . " (Davidson, 473). Therefore a network of beliefs is one or many deeper beliefs about a particular belie...

Chapter 4 checkpoint questions Essays

Chapter 4 checkpoint questions Essays Chapter 4 checkpoint questions Paper Chapter 4 checkpoint questions Paper Checkpoint Questions 1. Define histology: Histology is the study of tissues 2. List the four basic types of tissues in the body: a. Epithelial tissue b. Connective tissue c. Muscle tissue d. Neural tissue 3. List five important characteristics of epithelial tissue: a. The cells are bound closely together b. A free surface exposed to the environment or internal chamber/passageway c. Attachment to underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane d. The absence of blood vessels e. Continual regeneration of epithelial cells that are damaged or lost at the exposed surface 4. Identify four essential functions of epithelial tissue: a. Provide physical protection b. Control permeability c. Provide sensation d. Produce specialized secretions 5. Identify the three main types of epithelial intercellular connections: a. Tight junctions b. Gap junctions c. Desmosomes 6. What physiological functions are enhanced by the presence of microvilli or cilia on epithelial cells? The presence of microvilli on the free surface of epithelial cells greatly increases the surface area for absorption. Cilia function to move materials over the surface of epithelial cells. 7. Identify the three cell shapes characteristic of epithelial cells: a. Squamous: thin and flat b. Cuboidal: cube like c. Columnar: tall and slender 8. Using a light microscope, you examine a tissue and see a simple squamous epithelium on the outer surface. Can this be a sample of the skin surface? No. a simple squamous epithelium does not provide enough protection against infection, abrasion, and dehydration. The surface has a stratified squamous epithelium. 9. Name the two primary types of glandular epithelia: a. Endocrine glands b. Exocrine glands10. The secretory cells of sebaceous glands fill with secretions and then rupture, releasing their contents. Which mechanism of secretion occurs in sebaceous glands? Sebaceous glands exhibit holocrine secretions 11. A gland has no ducts to carry the glandular secretions, and the gland’s secretions are released directly into the extracellular fluid. Which type of gland is this? The endocrine gland 12. Identify several functions of connective tissues: a. Support and protection b. Transportation of materials c. Storage of energy reserves d. Defense of the body 13. List the three types of connective tissues: a. Connective tissue proper b. Fluid connective tissues c. Supporting connective tissues 14. Which type of connective tissue contains primarily triglycerides? Adipose tissue 15. Lack of vitamin C in the diet interferes with the ability of fibrocytes to produce collagen. What effect might this interference have on connective tissue? The reduced collagen production resulting from lack of vitamin C in the diet would cause connective tissue to be weak and prone to damage. 16. Which two types of connective tissue have a fluid matrix? a. Blood b. Lymph 17. Identify the two types of supporting connective tissue: a. Cartilage b. Bone 18. Why does cartilage heal so slowly? Cartilage heals so slowly because it has a lack of blood supply 19. Identify the four types of membranes found in the body: a. Mucous membrane b. Serous membrane c. Cutaneous membrane d. Synovial membrane 20. How does plasma (cell) membrane differ from a tissue level membrane? Plasma (cell) membranes are composed of lipid bilayers. Tissue membranes consist of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue 21. What is the function of fluids produced by serous membranes? The fluids reduce friction between the serous membranes that cover the surfaces of organs and the surrounding body cavity. 22. The lining of the nasal cavity is normally moist, contains numerous goblet cells, and rests on a layer of loose connective tissue. Which type of membrane is this? A mucous membrane 23. Identify the three types of muscle tissue in the body: a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle tissues 24. Voluntary control is restricted to which type of muscle tissue? Skeletal muscle tissue 25. Which type of muscle tissue has small, tapering cells with single nuclei and no obvious striations? Smooth muscle tissue 26. A tissue contains irregularly shaped cells with many fibrous projections, some several centimeters long. These are probably which type of cell? A neuron 27. Why are both skeletal muscle cells and axons also called fibers? They are both relatively long and slender. 28. Identify the two phases in the response to tissue injury: a. Inflammation b. Regeneration 29. What signs and symptoms are associated with inflammation? Swelling, warmth, redness, and pain. 30. What is fibrosis? Fibrosis is the permanent replacement of normal tissues by fibrous tissues. 31. Identify some age-related factors that affect tissue repair and structure: With advancing  age, the speed and effectiveness of tissue repair decrease, the rate of energy consumption in general declines, hormonal activity is altered, and other factors contribute to changes in structure and chemical composition.

Definition and Examples of Broadening in English

Definition and Examples of Broadening in English Broadening is a type of semantic change by which the meaning of a word becomes broader or more inclusive than its earlier meaning. Also known as semantic broadening, generalization, expansion, or extension. The opposite process is called semantic narrowing, with a word taking on a more restricted meaning than it had before. As Victoria Fromkin points out, When the meaning of a word becomes broader, it means everything it used to mean and more (An Introduction to Language, 2013). Examples and Observations Broadening of meaning . . . occurs when a word with a specific or limited meaning is widened. The broadening process is technically called generalization. An example of generalization is the word business, which originally meant the state of being busy, careworn, or anxious, and was broadened to encompass all kinds of work or occupations.(Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meaning. Random House, 2008)Cool: Sometimes the use of existing words can become broader. For example, the slang word cool was originally part of the professional jargon of jazz musicians and referred to a specific artistic style of jazz (a use that was itself an extension). With the passage of time, the word has come to be applied to almost anything conceivable, not just music; and it no longer refers just to a certain genre or style, but is a general term indicating approval of the thing in question.(Adrian Akmajian, Richard Demers, Ann Farmer, and Robert Harnish, Linguistics: An Introductio n to Language and Communication. The MIT Press, 2001) Dog and Bird: Quite a number of words have undergone semantic broadening in the history of English. The modern English word dog, for example, derives from the earlier form dogge, which was originally a particularly powerful breed of dog that originated in England. The word bird derives from the earlier word bridde, which originally referred only to young birds while still in the nest, but it has now been semantically broadened to refer to any birds at all.(Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2010)Thing, Companion, Broadcast, and Pudding: The word thing is a classic example of such broadening. In Old English and Old Norse, this word meant a public assembly. In present-day Icelandic, a language with similar Germanic roots to English, it still does. In Modern English, however, it has now been extended so much that it simply means an entity of any kind. The word companion provides another example. It used to mean so meone who eats bread with you (see Italian con  with plus pain  bread); now it means someone who is with you. The word broadcast, which only a couple of centuries ago meant to sow seeds, has now, in this technological age, been extended to include the spreading of information on television and radio. Pudding, which today is usually sweet and eaten for dessert, comes from the French word boudin, meaning a sausage made with animal intestines, a meaning retained in English black pudding.(Andrew Radford,  et al.,  Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009) You Guys and Sell-by Date: A recent generalization or  semantic broadening  has taken place in the phrase you guys in AmE, which is no  longer restricted to men and can refer to mixed company, or even women only. Sell-by date also shows an extended meaning (metaphor) in Kennedy kept Hoover on past his sell-by date.(Stephan Gramley and Kurt-Michael Ptzold,A Survey of Modern English, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004)Religious Terms: - Extension or Generalization. A lexeme widens its meaning. Numerous examples of this process have occurred in the religious field, where office, doctrine, novice, and many other terms have taken on a more general, secular meaning.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003)- An example of broadening of meaning is the change from holy day as a religious feast to the very general break from work called a holiday.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006)Semantic Shift a nd Semantic Broadening: Semantic shift represents an extension of a words meaning with the loss of its earlier meaning (e.g. pineapple no longer means fir cone in standard English).  Semantic broadening  is such extension without the loss of the original meaning. For example,  tea in most English Creoles  refers not only to the infusion made from various leaves, but also to any hot drink.(John Holm,  An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge University Press, 2000) Bleaching and Grammaticalization: Thing used to refer to an assembly or council, but in time came to refer to anything. In modern English slang, the same development has been affecting the word shit, whose basic meaning feces has broadened to become synonymous with thing or stuff in some contexts (Dont touch my shit; Ive got a lot of shit to take care of this weekend). If a words meaning becomes so vague that one is hard-pressed to ascribe any specific meaning to it anymore, it is said to have undergone bleaching. Thing and shit above are both good examples. When a words meaning is broadened so that it loses its status as a full-content lexeme and becomes either a function word or an affix, it is said to undergo grammaticalization.(Benjamin W. Forston IV, An Approach to Semantic Change. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, ed. by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)

Dividend Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dividend Policy - Essay Example Arriva’s balance sheet of last 5 years (from 2004-2008) is densely populated with debt financing and it is obvious because Arriva is a servicing business. Its debt financing of last 5 years lies between (65% to 76%) and its equity financing lies between (24% to 35%). The summary of Arriva’s last 5 year dividend policy is summarized below: It is an evident fact that the Arriva’s dividend policy is in stable condition and grows steadily in response with the revenue generation. From the investor’s standpoint, Arriva’s dividend growth rate is predictable and the investors show a positive response towards the company’s policies. Arriva’s dividend policy is desirable for the investors. Investors do pay attention on those stocks which pay more dividend than the predictable one. In addition, the Arriva’s cost of equity is minimized in the whole 5 year tenure this move not only maximizes the stock price but also stabilizes the dividends to quite an extent and is a healthy indication for future (Annual Report, 2008). In the current scenario of 2008, Arriva’s share’s outlook is positive although in that financial period oil prices rising and it might not only bring some implications on the stock price but also on the dividend structure (Annual Report, 2008).The management of Arriva is beneficiary because its management hedges the oil prices which in the end not bring the curse on the stock prices as well as on dividend. In 2008, Arriva’s dividend is 24.06 (GBp per share). (Annual Report, 2008) After reviewing the whole 5 years dividend policy and dividend structure, it is quite evident that Arriva maintaining progressive dividend policy and also utilizes its capital structure at the utmost level. A firm which is in growing condition may suffer with a liquidity problem and they are not in a position to pay the nominal dividends in contrast with those firms which generates more consistent cash flows. The difference in payout ratios also

Jet blue technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jet blue technology - Research Paper Example Traditionally, firms depended on management and market forces to streamline their strategies but currently they have found the need to be abreast with innovations which in most cases have been necessitated by advances in technology and the unpredictable consumer tastes and preferences. This has led to a continuous process of integration by people around the globe brought about by increased interdependence due to the need to exchange information, ideas, opinions, goods and services and the cultural aspects. The unpredictability of consumer tastes and preferences have influenced the manner in which firms approach business opportunities and influenced by the rapid inventions in science and technology and innovations in business policies and mechanisms, firms have been competing to stay relevant in the market over their rivals. Aviation industry on the other hand has been putting so much emphasis on technology from their carriers to innovations that enhance smooth delivery of their servi ces to the large and growing customer base and competition. This include construction of planes that offer cargo and passenger services which are later mechanized or customized to incorporate features that distinguish a certain firm from the other for competitive advantage. This is further coupled with onboard and off board services to the passengers and other marketing strategies that ensure the firm stays relevant in the industry by acquiring a substantial market share in form of client base while it manages the incorporation of these innovations with the market returns. These technological advancements comes with barriers with which firms need to evaluate first to ascertain the overall cost and the general impact of the strategy to the firm’s position in the industry and its long and short term objectives. This has in the long run helped management to devise integration measures between the technological innovations and the existing labor force within these firms maintaini ng profitability and continuity of these firms. By adopting science and technology in the service delivery within the aviation industry has streamlined contractual aspect of transacting partners more so in the cargo section by providing timely response to both parties which has helped reduce legal tussles and in turn improving on the convenience and reliability aspects. Furthermore, innovations have brought solutions to many problems within the aviation industry right from marketing, client and portfolio management, human capital and firms’ organization. For instance, applying technological innovations within management section and in the research and development sections of any given firm ensures timely response to the arising matters more so in the service industry such as aviation which promotes real time course of action. Introduction Jet Blue is an airline company that has undergone several transmissions in a bid to strengthen its management and improve on service delive ry to its growing client base by merging and partnering with supplementary and complementary firms. The firm has had a strong organization culture from management to employees which has seen the firm accomplish long term and short term goals concurrently, improving on the customer attraction and retention and the overall service delivery by the airline. The firm has incorporated science and technology in almost all of its operations for convenience, reliability and outreach so as to improve

Food Labelling Constitutes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food Labelling Constitutes - Term Paper Example The potential impact of GM foods on human health is a source of serious ethical concerns.   In two independent reports, Eubanks (2002) and Cherry (2007) contend that the very nature of their production positions GM foods as a potential risk to the health and well-being of consumers.   GM foods are foods which contain herbicides, transgress the species barriers and involve such genetic modifications as which alter taste, texture and nutrient composition.   The implication here is, as both Eubanks (2002) and Cherry (2007) emphasize, is that genetic alterations imply that these foods contain composites which may produce severe allergic reactions among some consumers but, to the extent that they are largely untested, or novel, their effect is unknown.   Added to that, the long-term consequences of consuming GM foods is unknown and, indeed, scientists have not been able to conclude absolute long-term safety, beyond the shadow of a doubt (Eubanks, 2002; Cherry, 2007).   The impli cation here is that consumers are being offered biotechnical foods whose long-term health effects have not been fully studied. While conceding to the fact that GM foods are genetically altered, its proponents/producers maintain that alterations are, not only benign but, ultimately beneficial for consumers.   As West and Larue (2005) report, producers contend that these benefits include the means and technologies by which to improve production efficiency and maximize output, even while lowering costs and hence, price to consumers.   They further include the altering of the nutritional balance of foods in order to skew the said balance in favor of health-beneficial nutrients (West and Larue, 2005).   In other words, from the perspective of GM food producers, there should be no ethical controversies surrounding GM foods as they are produced with the welfare of the consumer in mind. Even while conceding to the fact that GM foods may very well be safe, the fact remains that legal and ethical principles dictate that such foods must be labeled, thereby allowing consumers to exercise their right to choose.  

Development of Adult Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development of Adult Education - Research Paper Example Development of Adult Education He defined that educational learning that is reflective in nature was better obtained through meaningful experiments. On the other hand, the development psychology theory defines that adult are psychologically not the same to normal post-adolescent college students. Therefore, it is pertinent that the theories of Erikson, Havighurst, Kolhberg, Gilligan, Magolda and Bronfenbrenner be taken into consideration while dealing with adults. Ultimately, the theory of critical learning has it that sociological analysis of education holds that learning institutions are considered hazardous to the social life of individuals. Most of the people who go to school usually end up oppressed, and this is worsened in the case of an adult amidst teenagers. In this process, the adult are tough so that they may bring new changes to the society through a transformational model engineered by Lindeman. The above three theories explained are crucial in the process of understanding adult development. Based on cross theory, adult learners employ both formal and informal system of learning, in which they face serious predicaments. These issues are usually addressed by the CAL model, which is essential in linguistics. It has also been identified that dealing with adults largely depends how they passed the eight psychological stages of development proposed by Erikson (44). According to him, all the stages are crucial since they either impact an individual positively or negatively. The 8 stages range from toddler to late adulthood. Say during the life course of an individual, school age, one underwent an extremely hard time making him or she ingrains a negative attitude in oneself on education. For such a person, it will be hard for him, or her, to successfully undergo adulthood education. This is because the individual will continue suffering the effects of what he or she pass, anytime t he word education comes across. This will not be the case for an individual who never had problems during school age; he or she will be ready to learn because he has a positive attitude toward education. For adults to learn appropriately, a rather close relationship should be developed between them and their teachers. Through this, they will be able to share different experiences that they underwent through their learning process. This will make it easier for the teacher to assist them whenever necessary. Both teachers and learners should understand that, for the process of learning to be successful, a proper balancing between the needs for the learner and that of the learning process should be balanced appropriately. The famous Pedagogy wrote by Freire had it that there should be a mutual relationship between student, teacher and the society. In the light to the above ideology, it was discovered that since the oppression in schools is majorly contribute by teachers, thy also have t he power to make schools a better place. With the creation of a conducive atmosphere, many adult and normal students will find it easy to learn, since there will be better co-operation. With reference to the theory of experimental learning, it has been noted by Fosnot that people get to gain

Effects of Population Density Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effects of Population Density - Essay Example Overall, the population grows in the world, and the population density becomes higher, especially in urban areas and large cities. In addition to physical population density, researchers identify another type of population density known as psychological state of crowding. Therefore, while discussing the topic of population density it is important to take into account not only pure statistics on density, but also the individual’s perceptions of crowding (Jain, 1987). Physical population density may cause negative effects on human behavior associated with intrusion to their territory, abuse of their personal space and/or breaking of their privacy. This paper aims to provide a more detailed analysis on how the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space have become increasingly important as populations become denser. Also, this paper aims to examine the concept of noise and how it affects individuals. Privacy is an integral need of any individual, as it is â€Å"right to be left alone† (Ogden 2008, 20). With the development of Information Technologies and globalisation, the concept of privacy has been extended significantly covering thus the issues of private communication, surveillance, corporate monitoring, etc. Practically all people expect privacy in their lives as this is one of the fundamental human rights declared in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ogden 2008). However, despite such a strong legal buttress, privacy as the human right has many different threats, varying from political and technological to social changes. One of such threats is increased population density (Ogden 2008). Territoriality initially was an important political and geographical term. Nowadays, it is widely adopted in environmental psychology and implies a concept whereas an individual organism or a group of organisms attempts to control a specified territory (Bortman et al., 2003). In other

Development of Adult Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development of Adult Education - Research Paper Example Development of Adult Education He defined that educational learning that is reflective in nature was better obtained through meaningful experiments. On the other hand, the development psychology theory defines that adult are psychologically not the same to normal post-adolescent college students. Therefore, it is pertinent that the theories of Erikson, Havighurst, Kolhberg, Gilligan, Magolda and Bronfenbrenner be taken into consideration while dealing with adults. Ultimately, the theory of critical learning has it that sociological analysis of education holds that learning institutions are considered hazardous to the social life of individuals. Most of the people who go to school usually end up oppressed, and this is worsened in the case of an adult amidst teenagers. In this process, the adult are tough so that they may bring new changes to the society through a transformational model engineered by Lindeman. The above three theories explained are crucial in the process of understanding adult development. Based on cross theory, adult learners employ both formal and informal system of learning, in which they face serious predicaments. These issues are usually addressed by the CAL model, which is essential in linguistics. It has also been identified that dealing with adults largely depends how they passed the eight psychological stages of development proposed by Erikson (44). According to him, all the stages are crucial since they either impact an individual positively or negatively. The 8 stages range from toddler to late adulthood. Say during the life course of an individual, school age, one underwent an extremely hard time making him or she ingrains a negative attitude in oneself on education. For such a person, it will be hard for him, or her, to successfully undergo adulthood education. This is because the individual will continue suffering the effects of what he or she pass, anytime t he word education comes across. This will not be the case for an individual who never had problems during school age; he or she will be ready to learn because he has a positive attitude toward education. For adults to learn appropriately, a rather close relationship should be developed between them and their teachers. Through this, they will be able to share different experiences that they underwent through their learning process. This will make it easier for the teacher to assist them whenever necessary. Both teachers and learners should understand that, for the process of learning to be successful, a proper balancing between the needs for the learner and that of the learning process should be balanced appropriately. The famous Pedagogy wrote by Freire had it that there should be a mutual relationship between student, teacher and the society. In the light to the above ideology, it was discovered that since the oppression in schools is majorly contribute by teachers, thy also have t he power to make schools a better place. With the creation of a conducive atmosphere, many adult and normal students will find it easy to learn, since there will be better co-operation. With reference to the theory of experimental learning, it has been noted by Fosnot that people get to gain

Qualificaiton Framework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualificaiton Framework - Research Paper Example This level deals with detailed understanding and knowledge. Level 3 qualifications are quite appropriate for the students who wish to go to the universities or the people who wished to work independently in an organization. Level 4 qualifications involved in-depth analysis of high level of knowledge and information. This level deals with specialist learning. Learning at this level is quite appropriate for people who used to work in managing, technical, professional or development job (Watkinson 108). The qualification at level 4 is equivalent to academic certificates of higher education. Level 5 qualifications recognize the competency to increase depth of knowledge and understanding. It helps to enable to formulate the solutions to the complex situations and problems. Level 6 qualifications recognize high level of skills and knowledge. This level motivates students to generate innovative ideas to give a solution to the problem. Level 7 qualifications recognize highly developed skills and knowledge. This level helps students to provide original and in-depth responses to the unpredictable and complicated situations and problems. Lastly, level 8 qualifications recognize leading practitioners or experts in a specific field. Doctorate degree is the highest degree that is awarded by an approved educational organization or a graduate school to a skilled and most competent student (Brown 107). Generally the duration of doctoral program vary in length between 4-5 years depending on various subject areas and areas of research work. A Master’s degree is an important academic degree that is granted to the individuals who have high-order overview of a professional practice area or a specific field of study. Duration of Master’s degree vary in length between 2-3 years depending on the subject areas. A bachelor degree is an important academic degree that is conferred to a student by a university or college. This degree is provided to those students who complete

Ethics - Food Essay Example for Free

Ethics Food Essay Although most people do not realize it, patrons of food establishments place their lives in the establishments hands. Improper storing and labeling of food items or selling slightly-expired food can be tempting from a financial perspective but can lead to serious injury or worse due to food poisoning, cross-contamination or allergic reactions. Food establishments should include firm commitments to food safety in their codes of ethics, always placing food safety above financial concerns. This includes going beyond the letter of the law to enforce the highest product quality standards. A code of ethics should include a commitment to sell only healthy products and never to use harmful ingredients. (http://smallbusiness. chron. com/code-ethics-food-establishments-10815. html) Delicious This Code of Ethics describes standards of conduct for Healthylicious board members, officers, managers and all other employees of Heakthylicious, and has been approved by the Healthylicious Restaurant Group, Inc. Board of Directors. Many of the policies in this Code are based on various laws and regulations. Other are based on business and ethical principles than enhance Healthylicious ability to conduct its business effectively. Others restate basic work rules and principles contained in the Employee Handbook. The purpose of the Code is to provide guidance and set common ethical standards each of us must adhere to on a consistent basis. It governs the actions and working relationships of board members, officers, managers and all other employees in dealing with fellow employees, guests, competitors, vendors, suppliers, governmental and self-regulatory agencies, the media, and anyone else with whom our company has contact. These relationships are essential to the continued success of Healthylicious restaurant . (www. mortons. com/assets/pdf/code_of_ethics. pdf? ) This Code: †¢ Requires the highest standards for honest and ethical conduct, including proper and ethical procedures for dealing with conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships. †¢ Requires full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that Mortons files with, or submits to, governmental and regulatory agencies, and in other public communications made by Mortons. †¢ Requires compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations. †¢ Requires the prompt internal report of any illegal behavior or violations of the Code. †¢ Establishes accountability for adherence to the Code. †¢ Provides for methods to communicate violations of the code. * We consider moral as an inevitable factor in caring on any duties talking decisions. We try to follow the highest standards based on Sincerity, generosity, conscientious. * We carry on the affairs individually groups to bring about validity to our company. * We at all times spend all of our energy resources towards production and services to guarantee our success against our competitor. * We behave equally towards all our guests all race religion, nationally and beliefs. * We offer all our services productions in highest standard with perfect constancy. * We provide a safe sanitary environment for all our guests and personal. * We try to stay for good at highest position in majority in word, practice ethic affairs. * We promote knowledge, education experience and motivation for all the staff in order to do their duties in a higher standard. * We provide equal opportunities for anyone to carry on their duties and all the staff which is working in similar level would be evaluated no differently. * We fully try to protect the natural environment and resources while carry on our duties. * We are looking for a fair share of income, no more or less. an. Our Mission †¢ To provide a wholesome dining experience, with Top Quality food, healthy and a staff that wants to exceed the CUSTOMERS expectations!! Our Vision †¢ To maintain a profitable operation that will continue our TRADITION of Quality Family dining, at a reasonable cost, in a comfortable atmosphere, with exceptional service. Our Values †¢ We are in business to meet our customer’s needs. †¢ We believe in empowering our staff to resolve customers concerns on the spot. We treat our employees as we want them to treat our customers. †¢ We believe in continuing our Family Tradition. †¢ We believe in you the customer, and by this tradition we will continue to make a reasonable profit, that will allow us to remain competitive, healthy, community involved, and a Family Restaurant where generation will continue to gather. †¢ We seek your comments, for we realize to exceed your expectations, we need to know what they are. †¢ Your safety, health, comfort, nourishment and Quality Service are Number One to US!!!

Understanding The Concepts Of Green Chemistry Environmental Sciences Essay

Understanding The Concepts Of Green Chemistry Environmental Sciences Essay Our environment, which is endowed by nature, needs to be protected from ever increasing chemical pollution associated with contemporary lifestyles and emerging technologies. India, 2nd largest producer of pesticides and ranked 12th in pharmaceutical production, is fast emerging as top 5 player in selected petrochemicals. The challenge for the institution and industries is to come together and pursue development in the field of greener chemistry by reducing or eliminating the use and generation of hazardous substances. We have organized a national and an international symposium for promoting Green Chemistry in India, which has provided the platform for interaction of concepts among the leading scientist. Moreover a refresher course of three weeks for college teachers on eco-friendly chemistry has also been organized earlier to promote awareness and facilitate education training and the practice of green chemistry in academic institutions. The main idea behind is to activate work towar ds green chemistry for which involvement of academic, industrial, governmental and non-governmental bodies is needed collectively which will help the designing and development of environment friendly chemistry practices in India. Contents Introduction. Principles of green chemistry. Sustainable development. Atom economy. Reactions in green chemistry. Reducing toxicity. Green analytical chemistry. What can green chemistry do? Why green chemistry? What is the role of chemist in green chemistry? Graph of published articles in journals. Examples of green chemistry. Examples of investigatory projects in green chemistry Future products. Some basic ways in which we go about green product development. Values of green chemistry in innovation, application and technology: Indian Scenario. Some recent developments and examples in green chemistry. Government initiatives. Introduction Green chemistry: Green chemistry may be defined as the invention ,design ,and application of chemical product and process to reduce the eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Therefore, green chemistry is a tool not only for minimizing the negative impact of those procedures aimed at optimizing efficiency, although clearly both impact minimization and process optimization are legitimate and complementary objectives of the subject. Green chemistry, however, also recognizes that there are significant consequences to the use of hazardous substances, ranging from regulatory, handling and transport, and liability issues, to name a few. To limit the definition to deal with waste only, would be to address only part of the problem. Green chemistry is applicable to all aspects of the product life cycle as well.   Finally, the definition of green chemistry includes the term hazardous. It is important to note that green chemistry is a way of dealing with risk reduction and pollution prevention by addressing the intrinsic hazards of the substances rather than those circumstances and conditions of their use that might increase their risk. Green chemistry is not complicated although it is often elegant. Green chemistry applies to any type of chemistry such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, bio chemistry, analytical chemistry and even physical chemistry. Green chemistry is mainly for industrial area. The main goal of green chemistry is to minimizing the hazard and maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. Green chemistry can be applies on organic chemistry, physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry and biochemistry. Mainly green chemistry focuses on industrial applications. The main goal of green chemistry is to minimizing the hazard and maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. Principles of green chemistry:- There are twelve principles of green chemistry. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity. The use of auxiliary substances (solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and innocuous when used. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure. A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable. Unnecessary privatization (blocking group, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided whenever possible. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and do break down into innocuous degradation products. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real time, in-process monitoring and control before the formation of hazardous substances. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires. The term Green Chemistry, coined by staff at the US EPA in the 1990s, helped to bring focus to an increasing interest in developing more environmentally friendly chemical processes and products. An evaluation of how green a chemical reaction or a chemical process is seems to be best done in terms of the 12 principles that have been advocated by Anastas and Warner. These tenets deal with fundamental issues such as pollution prevention, atom economization and toxicity reduction. The essence of the 12 principles may be summarized as follows: Waste prevention instead of waste clean-up, atom economy as an important concern, design of environmentally friendly synthetic methodologies, design of safer chemicals, redundancy of auxiliary substances, conservation of energy, use of renewable feedstock, reduction of unnecessary derivatization , catalytic reactions instead of stoichiometric ones, debasement of final products after the end of their function, real-time analysis for pollution prevention and strategies for chemical accident prevention. Sustainable development- Sustainability in science and technology begins when we start thinking how to solve a problem or how to turn science into technology. Chemistry, as the science of matter and its transformation, plays a central role in this process and is the bridge between physics, material sciences and life sciences. Only chemical processes, which have reached after careful optimization a maximum in efficiency, will lead to more sustainable products and production. Scientists and engineers, who invent, develop and optimize such processes, therefore play a key role. Their awareness, creativity and looking ahead is needed to bring reactions and chemical processes to maximum efficiency. The term Green Chemistry has been coined for efforts towards this goal. Atom economy:- Atom economy means maximizing incorporation of material from the starting materials or reagents into the final products. It is essentially pollution prevention at molecular level. For example, a chemist practicing atom economy would choose to synthesis a needed product by putting together basic building blocks, rather than by breaking down a much larger starting material and discarding most of it waste. Atom economy is an important development beyond the traditionally taught concept of percent yield. Barry Trost, from Stanford University, published the concept of atom economy in science in 1991. In 1998 received the president green chemistry challenged award for his work. Atom economy answers the basic question, how much of what you put into your pot end up in your product. Calculation of Atom Economy Reactions in green chemistry- There are two types of reactions- Atom economic reactions. Atom un-economic reactions. In atom economic reactions there are another two type reactions Rearrangement reactions. Addition reactions. In atom un-economic reaction there are three type of reactions Substitution reaction. Elimination reaction. Witting reaction. Reducing toxicity- One of the underpinning principle of green chemistry is to design chemical product and process that use and produce less hazardous materials. Here hazardous cover all aspects, including toxicity, flammability, explosion potential, and environmental persistence. A hazard can be defined as situation that may lead to harm, whilst risk is the probability that harm will occur. From the point of view harm being caused by exposure to the chemical. Risk = Green analytical chemistry- The relationship between green chemistry and analytical chemistry can be treated in two ways. Analytical chemistry is a subject to control and justify green chemistry. This is where analytical chemistry is an efficient tool for confirmation of the green result of a chemical product or technology. On the other hand, chemical analysis methods need solvents, reagents, and energy, and they generate waste. The principles of green chemistry, suggested by Anastas and Warner, are directly related to analytical chemistry as well, the most important of them being prevention of waste generation; safer solvents and auxiliaries; design for energy efficiency; and Safer chemistry to minimize the potential of chemical accidents. In this way, analytical chemistry becomes an object of application of the principles of green Chemistry, and can be the target of a green chemistry approach similarly to other areas of chemistry and chemical technology. The term green analytical chemistry has been proposed by J. Namies ´nik in that several aspects of making analytical chemistry greener were discussed. The development of instrumental methods to replace wet chemistry in sample preparation and treatment is a general trend in analytical chemistry. Here, the main analytical result is related to an increase of analysis reliability, higher precision, and time saving, which very positively combines with a substantial reduction of waste. In most cases, the result of instrumental methods in analysis is a decrease in sample volume needed for analysis. Special efforts to integrate micro fluidics and processing in micro scale can substantially decrease the sample amount and accompanying generation of waste. In some cases, there is a choice of direct techniques of analysis (different laser-spectroscopic methods) or solvent less processes of analysis, which are green processes. However, in most cases, the samples under study are very complicated mixtures with interfering matrices not allowing the use of waste less method. The search for alternative solvents is an important step on the way of using greener methods. In This process, the main target should be not just the replacement, but introduction of an additional advantage from different properties of these solvents to improve the selectivity, sensitivity, and reliability of analysis, as well as reduce analysis time. The development of instrumental methods in general leads to an efficient use of energy, especially when the method is highly automated and uses a minimal amount of sample. The hyphenation of several methods for sample treatment and separation of components or integration of separation and complicated methods of detection enables an efficient use of energy. Additional energy saving is possible when a microwave treatment or even just microwave heating is incorporated into the process. An ultrasonic irradiation may also have a strong effect on several sample treatments. The development of photochemical methods is a highly green way in analytical chemistry as well. Most of the above-mentioned procedures also result in safer chemistry. In many cases of sample preparation and treatment, different chemical methods for derivatization and chemical modification of samples are still used. The search for less toxic compounds and processes with reduced waste generation should be an aim in the development of new methods. What can green chemistry do? Green chemistry is not a particular set of technologies, but rather an emphasis on the design  of chemical products and processes.   Sometimes, green chemistry takes place at the molecular level to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. This approach offers environmentally beneficial alternatives to more hazardous chemicals and processes, and thus promotes pollution prevention. Green chemistry can lead to dramatic changes in how we interact with chemicals on a daily basis as in the case of the  2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis. The word metathesis means change-places. In metathesis reactions, double bonds are broken and made between carbon atoms in ways that cause atom groups to change places. This happens with the assistance of special catalyst molecules. Metathesis can be compared to a dance in which the couples change partners. Metathesis is used daily in the chemical industry, mainly in the development of pharmaceuticals and of advanced plastic materials. Thanks to the Laureates contributions, synthesis methods have been developed that are more efficient (fewer reaction steps, fewer resources required, less wastage), simpler to use (stable in air, at normal temperatures and pressures), and Environmentally friendlier (non-injurious solvents, less hazardous waste products). This represents a great step forward for green chemistry, reducing potentially hazardous waste through smarter production. Metathesis is an example of how important basic science has been applied for the benefit of man, society and the environment. The main question is that Why Green Chemistry? Green chemistry is effective in reducing the impact of chemicals on human health and the environment. In addition, many companies have found that it can be cheaper and even profitable to meet environmental goals. Profits derive from higher efficiency, less waste, better product quality, and reduced liability. Many environmental laws and regulations target hazardous chemicals, and following all these requirements can be complicated. But green chemistry allows companies to comply with the law in much simpler and cheaper ways. Finally, green chemistry is a fundamental science-based approach. Addressing the problem of hazard at the molecular level, it can be applied to all kinds of environmental issues. Since 1991, there have been many advances in green chemistry, in both academic research and industrial implementation. For example, Spinosad , an insecticide manufactured by fermenting a naturally occurring soil organism, was registered by the EPA as a reduced-risk insecticide in 1997. Spinosad does not leach, bioaccumulation, volatilize, or persist in the environment and in field tests left 70 to 90 percent of beneficial insects unharmed. It has a relatively low toxicity to mammals and birds and is slightly to moderately toxic to aquatic organisms, but is toxic to bees until it dries. In another advance, an industrial cleaning solvent, ethyl lactate, made from cornstarch and soybean oil was patented in 2000 and is competitively priced with petrochemical solvents. It biodegrades to carbon dioxide and water and has no known harmful effects for the environment, humans, or wildlife. These advances, however, represent an extremely small fraction of the potential applications of green che mistry. Because the products and processes that form the basis of the economy and infrastructure are based on the design and utilization of chemicals and materials, the challenges facing this field are enormous. What is the role of chemist in green chemistry? Chemist can use his knowledge of green chemistry and its benefits to justify research into cleaner and greener process. In most cases it is readily demonstrable that green chemistry approach involving reduction of waste, material and energy, will also lead to cost reductions and that this in turn will have a positive effect on profitability. In academia initiatives such as the engineering and physical sciences research council (EPSRC) Clean Technology Programme and the governments sustainable technology initiative have already encouraged professionals to enter this area. Although many of the technologies or tools required to make chemical manufacturing more sustainable are available, and indeed industry already making significant progress , much more can be achieved. In order to move forward chemist need to understand, and overcome the barrier s, both real and perceived, that exist to innovation in this area. In some cases a culture change may be required before the potential financial benefits are fully appreciated. Professional chemist also have a major role in helping to encourage all interested parties, including industry, customers, pressure groups, government, educationalist and researchers, to co-operate to ensure a cleaner and more sustainable future. Graph of published articles in journals- Examples of green chemistry- Lead-free solders and other products- Breakthroughs in the replacement of lead include use of new soldering materials, alternatives to lead additives in paint and the development of cleaner batteries. Bioplastics Plastics made from plants, including corn, potatoes or other agricultural products, even agricultural waste, are an important example of green chemistry. Products already available are forks, knives and spoons made from potato starch and biodegradable packaging made from corn. Flame resistant materials-Plastics that do not require the use of flame retardants are a solution to the problem of toxic flame retardants. A combination of polylactic acid and kenaf-two agriculturally products-has already been developed for this purpose. Halogen-free flame retardants- For products that still require the use of flame retardants, green chemistry can help identify new, less toxic alternatives. For example, silicone based materials can be used. Biopesticides also the good example of green chemistry- Biopesticides offer powerful tools to create a new generation of sustainable agriculture products. They are the most likely source for alternatives to some of the most problematic chemical pesticides currently in use. Biopesticides also offer solutions to concerns such as pest resistance to traditional chemical pesticides, public concern about side effects of pesticides on the surrounding environment and ultimately, on human health. Examples of Investigatory Projects in Green Chemistry- Effects of Detergent Phosphates on Plant Growth Because phosphates from household detergents seep into groundwater, a simulated effect can be investigated using a young pea plant and a solution of 90-percent water to 10-percent  laundry detergent  solution. Use two containers of pond water to simulate phosphates catalytic effect on algae growth by adding detergent solution to one container intermittently and using an unaltered container as a control. Record all observations qualitatively and quantitatively. Effect of Pollution on Biodiversity Use several terrariums made from local organisms, soils and water to investigate how pollution affects the amount of biodiversity in an ecosystem. Pollute terrariums by spraying diluted sulphuric acid into a terrarium to represent acid rain. Pollute another terrarium by carefully burning a birthday candle inside daily to represent smog. Leave one terrarium unpolluted to use as a control group. Record all observations qualitatively and quantitatively. Storm Water Geologically Filtered After a hard rain, water rushes into local waterways carrying many pollutants. Polluted water can be created by mixing water with small objects and dark colored dirt to represent different types of pollution. Devise a system of filtration using different sized grains of soil to create situations of altered porosities and permeability. Record all effects on pollution filtration qualitatively and quantitatively. Future products- PVC free cables  -will reduce the use of both PVC and of lead, which is used as a stabilizer in PVC cabling. The Toxic Use Reduction Institute has been working on this new solder. New lead-free solders  with lower heat requirements are being developed. Our new product development will focus on: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Polymeric solutions, big molecules à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reactive products that become bound to the final polymer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-toxic small molecules à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mineral products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Minimizing the life cycle of products that remain in the environment   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improving recyclability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Implementing measures throughout the supply chain to minimize emissions of persistent compounds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Engaging distributors, customers and competitors in programs, such as VECAP, to eliminate all harmful products from the environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continuing to advise consumers of the important of sustainable products. Some basic ways in which we go about green product development Selection of reagents with lowest toxicity Choice of catalysts that would provide highest reaction yield, thus minimizing waste Choosing the right form of energy to maximize reaction efficiency Precise calculations to predict with just two to three experiments how the reaction can be optimized, as well as the two or three preferable solvents for that reaction Identification of potential hazards before conducting the reaction. Specific parameters such as heat of the reaction are studied. Values of Green Chemistry in Innovation, Application and Technology: Indian Scenario- Green chemistry focuses on the reduction, recycling, and/or elimination of the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals in production processes by finding creative, alternative routes for making the desired products that minimize the impact on the environment. Green chemistry is a more eco-friendly green alternative to conventional chemistry practices. The green chemistry movement is part of a larger movement ultimately leading to a green economy- namely sustainable development, sustainable business and sustainable living practices. Green chemistry can contribute to achieving sustainability in three key areas. First, renewable energy technologies will be the central pillar of a sustainable high-technology civilization. Second, the reagents used by the chemical industry. Third, polluting technologies must be replaced by benign alternatives. The aim of the article is to acquaint the academicians, researchers, scientists and engineers with values and positive impact of green Chemistry in in novation, application and Technology. The green chemistry wave has reached our country too. We need to work for its betterment by encouraging the practices of green chemistry. Collaborations between industrial and academic partners are important to expedite the transfer of significant green products to the marketplace. For such collaborations to be successful, individuals in these two differently motivated cultures need to work together to advance green science. Governments could undoubtedly facilitate formation of more effective industrial/academic partnerships. Under an agreement with the Green Chemical Institute, University of Delhi has been accepted as an international chapter. The Indian chapter will promote green chemistry through education, information collection and dissemination, research and international collaboration via conferences, workshops, meeting and symposia.   In India, although there is growing awareness about the ill effects of pollution, promotion of continual introduction of environmentally friendly products a methodologies in the chemical industry needs to be furthered. Usage of nonconventional technologies is highly popular in India. First in this list is the usage of microwaves. Further, the microwave chemists are turning their attention toward microwave-assisted dry-media reactions in order to minimize solvent usage, an added advantage to already established microwave chemistry. In addition to microwave-assisted reactions, ultrasonic and photochemical reactions are also used as nonconventional reaction technology. Analytical chemistry has been at the center of the green chemistry movement. Advances in analytical chemistry are key to environmental protection. In India, the focus for analytical chemistry is mainly on extraction technologies such as solid phase, ultrasound and microwave, supercritical fluid extraction, and automated s oxhlet extraction. Monitoring and analysis of heavy metals and pesticides is very important for an agro economy-based country like India and chief governmental institutes like the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) are working extensively in this field. Further removing of these elements from industrial and agrochemical usage is of prime importance for these. Some recent developments and examples in green chemistry- Chemists from all over the world are using their creative and innovative skills to develop new processes, synthetic methods, analytical tools, reaction conditions, catalysts, etc. under the new green chemistry cover. Some of these are. A continuous process and apparatus converts waste biomass into industrial chemicals, fuels and animal feed. Another process converts waste biomass such as municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, plastic, tires and agricultural residues to useful products, including hydrogen, ethanol and acetic acid. A method for mass producing taxol by semi continuous culture of Taxus genus plant. A fermentation method for the production of carboxylic acids. A method of partially oxidizing alcohol such as methanol to ethers, aldehydes, esters or acids, by using a supercritical fluid mobile. A process for producing a fluoropolymer by using supercritical carbon dioxide. A cost-effective method of producing ethyl lactate, a non-toxic solvent derived from corn. A range of organic solvents that are worker friendly and environmentally sound. A new environmentally friendly technology in mixed metals recovery from spent acid wastes has been used to recover zinc and ferrous chloride from pickle liquor. The demand for non-ionic surfactants is growing and a new example of this is alkyl glycoside, which is made from saccharide. This product can be used as a replacement for alkyl aryl sulphonate anionic surfactants in shampoos. Sodium silicate can be used as a more environmentally benign replacement for phosphorus-containing additives in washing powder. Three coconut oil soap bases for liquid cleansing applications have been developed. One of these products has very light color and low odor, making it suitable for introducing dyes and fragrances. Feedstock recycling  of plastic wastes into valuable chemicals useful as fuels or raw materials. Developing Countries and Green Chemistry- In developing countries, the introduction of green chemistry is still in a stage of infancy, despite the significant need and the significant role green chemistry can play. Many of the practices in developing countries are still far from the concepts of safety, pollution prevention and design of energy efficiency. Environmental pollution and waste generation are some of the aching problems many developing countries are suffering from. Many of the reasons behind these problems lie in policies and strategies adopted that are based on end-of pipe treatment, rather than pollution prevention at source or implementing life cycle thinking in handling waste problems. Most frequently, income generation activities are dependent on an efficient use of energy and other resources such as water, which may pose some serious problems to future generations. The United Nations reporting on the millennium development goals at a country level indicated a high level of energy consumption and limited energy resources in most of the developing countries. The report strongly recommends the imperative need to ration the use of energy resources in these countries and to implement energy conservation policies. The same trend of difficulties developing countries face has been illustrated in the series of country reports produced by the rural development at the water and environment department of the World Bank. Sustainable chemistry could play a pivotal role in salvaging many of the ailing conditions that many of the developing countries are subjected to. The use of solar energy, introduction of sustainable farming, recycling, and the implementation of life cycle thinking and life cycle analysis as a management tool for some of the chronic issues such as municipal waste management, are some few examples of how green chemistry can benefit developing communities. Green chemistry can also have a very strong impact on water sufficiency issues in that part of the developing world where water resources is the most vital issue. It is through the implementation of cleaner production and use of safe and biodegradable chemicals that a huge volume of wastewater could be reused to quench the emerging, critical need of water in many of these countries. Government Initiatives- Government can do a lot of good for the cause of green chemistry by increasing public awareness and by bringing and enforcing strict environmental legislations. One of the recent and controversial examples of government initiative is the conversion of diesel vehicles to compressed natural gas (CNG) in order to reduce pollution. Relocation of industries into industrial areas away from residential parks is another bold step taken by the Delhi government. Further, the government is also concentrating on new projects such as fuel pellets from municipal waste, aspirated H-cylinder engines for light commercial vehicles (LCVs), meeting India 2000 emission norms, battery-powered cars for pollution-free driving, hydrogen energy and energy towers for new environment-friendly fuel, development of traditional herbal drugs as adapt gens a immunomodulators. The government should also increase funding to encourage research in green chemistry. By introducing green chemistry education at all levels, the government can build a solid foundation toward green chemistry in India.