Effects of Industrialization in 1700 - 1850 Essay -- American European

Effects of Industrialization in 1700 - 1850 Industrialization occurred in many countries, each taking a different approach to the implementation of new machinery and technology. The most notable for leading the way in industrialization is Britain. Industrialization not only made dramatic changes in the economic structure of countries but also in the social and political areas of countries. Industrialization led to much upheaval, especially socially since the whole way of life was changing. The emergence of the working class and the growing divide between classes also meant that a new political and economic structure was developed: capitalism. Industrialization began in Britain since there was a large supply of coal and steel and it was seen as one of the greatest colonial powers, thus allowing it to gain the capital and market needed to industrialize. Since Britain led the way for industrialization, it could be seen to epitomise the effects that it had on countries. One of the social effects that industrialization had was that the ‘rhythm of life changed’ . Pre-industrialization, people were based mainly in rural areas. However, when the enclosure of land became popular in the 1760’s, farmers who were tenants began to be pushed of the land. This along with the establishment of new urban towns and cities meant that people started to move away resulting in ‘English peasant villages being destroyed’ . Land enclosure was only one reason why people moved to the new urban areas. The other was the fact that new machinery was making families handicrafts of little commercial value, meaning that they were not able to survive on the money they made. This meant that the promise of a rise in wages appealed to a great many people in the rural areas, resulting in yet more change for the population With industrialization came a new family structure, the nuclear family. This was in complete contrast to the previous way people interacted with each other, but fitted perfectly into the nameless society, which had developed. The pre-industrial villages were very close knit since most of the textile and agricultural industry revolved around the home, with everyone participating in some way to the production of consumer goods. The nuclear family was very unlike this... ...freedom from agriculture, meaning that more people could undertake ‘professional’ jobs such as doctors and lawyers. This was unlike that of the time pre-industrial, because then the basis of society was the worker and owner, now society had the employer, the employee, and the professional. Industrialization also changed the world economic system because places like China and India who, previous to industrialization, had been one of the main manufactures for the world were now being left behind since they could not produce goods as cheaply as industrialized countries. Bibliography J.M. Roberts, The Pelican History Of The World, Pelican, 1986 T.S. Ashton, The Industrial Revolution 1760-1830, Oxford University Press, 1970 P. Gregg, A Social and Economic History of Britain, Harrap, 1971 G. Rude, Revolutionary Europe 1783-1815, Fontana/Collins, 1980 P. Mathias, The First Industrial Nation, Methuen&Co Ltd, 1972 M.J. Daunton, Progress and Poverty, Oxford University Press, 1995 P. Lane, Documents on British Economic and Social History 1750-1870, 1972 G. Warner, Marten and Muir, The New Groundwork of British History, Balckie&son, 1968

IMpact of industrialisation in indias economy Essay

Industrialization plays a vital role in the economic development of an underdeveloped country. The historical facts reveal that all the developed countries of the world broke the vicious circle of underdevelopment by industrialization. Pakistan being a developing country also wants to achieve higher standard of living for its masses. It has therefore, embarked upon various programmers of industrialization. The policies of privatization, deregulation and liberalization of the economy are being pursued. The role of industrialization in economic development is summed up as under. 1. Increase in national income. Industrialization makes possible the optimum utilization of the scarce resources of the country. It helps in increasing the quantity and quality of various kinds of manufactured goods and thereby make a larger contribution to gross national product. (GNP). 2. Higher standard of living. Industrialization helps in increasing the value of output per worker. The income of the labour due to higher productivity increases. The rise in income raises the living standard of the people. 3. Economic stability. Industrialization is the best way of providing economic stability to the country. A nation which depends upon the production and export of raw material alone cannot achieve a rapid rate of economic growth. The uncertainties of Nature, the restricted and fluctuating demand of the agricultural raw material hampers economic progress and leads to an unstable economy. 4. Improvement in balance of payments. Industrialization brings structural changes in the pattern of foreign trade of the country. It helps in increasing the export of manufactured goods and thus earn foreign exchange. On the other hand the processing of raw material at home curtails the import of goods and thereby helps in conserving foreign exchange. The export orientation and import substitution effects of industrialization help in the improvement of balance of payments. In Pakistan, the exports of semi manufactured and manufactured goods showed favorable trend. 5. Stimulates progress in other sectors. Industrialization stimulates progress in other sectors of the economy. A developments of one industry leads to the development and expansion of other industries. For instance the construction of a transistor radio plant, develops the small battery industry (backward linkage). The construction of milk processing plants adds to its line of production ice cream. cone cream plants etc.. (forward linkage). 6. Increased employment opportunities. Industrialization provides increased employment opportunities in small and large scale industries. In an agrarian economy, industry absorbs underemployed and unemployed workers of agricultural sector and thereby increases the income of the community. 7. Promotes specialization. Industrialization promotes specialization of labour. The division of work increases the marginal value product of labour. The income of worker in the industrial sector is therefore higher than that of a worker in agricultural sector. 8. Rise in agricultural production. Industrialization provides machinery like tractors thrashers harvesters, bulldozers, transport, aerial spray etc, to be used in the farm sector. The increased use of modern inputs has increased the yield of crops per hectare. The increase in the income of the farmers has given boost to economic development in the country. 9. Easy to control industrial activity. The industrial activity compared to agricultural is easy to control. The industrial production can be expanded or cut down according to the price cost and demand of the product. 10. Large scope for technological progress. Industrialization provides larger scope for on the job training and technological progress. The use of advanced technology increases the scale of production, reduces cost of production, improves quality of the product and helps in widening of the market. 11. Reduction in the rate of population growth. Industrialization leads to migration of surplus labour from farm sector to  the industries mostly situated in urban centers. In cities improved facilities of sanitation and health care are available. People through the adoption of family planning measures, reduce the rate of population growth. 12. Increased saving and investment. Industrialization increases the income of the workers. It enhances their capacity to save. The voluntary savings, stimulate industrial growth and by cumulative effect lead to further expansion of industry. 13. Provision for defense. If a country is industrialized, it can manufacture arms and ammunition necessary for the defense of the country. A nation which depends on other countries for the supply of ammunition will eventually suffer and may face defeat. The two wars with India should be an eye opener for Pakistan. 14. Lesser pressure on land. The establishment and expansion of industries lessens the excessive pressure of labour force from the agriculture sector. 15. Development of markets. With the development of industries the market for raw materials and finished goods widens in the country. 16. Increase in the Government revenue.  Industrialization increase the supply of goods both for internal and external markets. The export of goods provides foreign exchange. The customs excise duties and other taxes levied on the production of goods increase the revenue of the State. The income tax received from the industrialists adds to the revenue stream of the Government which eventually is spent for the welfare of the people as a whole.

Poverty an Pollution

In the Article Poverty and Pollution, there are many things being discuss such as poverty, pollution, harmful gases, the percentage of infant mortality and how nearly 13,000 suffer from respiratory disease. Many residents are suffering from different/variety of health problem as an result. These problems are very serious and dangerous. The people over in Brazil’s â€Å"valley of death† are having difficulties breathing and could die if there’s nothing done about the situation. As it stated in the case a reporter for the National Geographic wasn’t there an hour and started having complication, his chest began aching, the air was so polluted that the sir inflamed his bronchial tubes and restricted his breathing. You also have kids can’t go out side like normal kids because the air is so polluted they can barely breathe. Due to financial issue resident can’t afford to move. Dr Oswaldo Compos say the poor is paying the price. If so other countries should find ways to solve or even help the situation. Maybe the poor do pay the price of pollution, but there are those who believe that they should have more of it. I feel the poor should not have to suffer because of the polluting in the air. It should be safe where ever live, you shouldn’t have to live inside your homes because of this. They have to change their lives completely because due to the circumstances. I’m quite sure these residents are tired of sitting in the house? Or not being able to shop like they want, or maybe the fact taking their kids to the park? It enough that they have to deal with this but the fact of being in the house all day everyday it just ridiculous. These residents have to be cautions of everything they come in contact with. Lawrence Summer the director of the National Economic Council and formerly President of Harvard University. Summers focused on things that should be done first, second and third. He makes really good points. As he stated pollution costs rise disproportionately as pollution increase, it make sense to shift pollution from already dirty places. But who really suffers? The poor? Or the rich? You have people who agree with Summer’s and you also have some that do disagree with him as well. Some feel his idea’s are a recipe for ruin, while others thinks his idea’s are basically on the right track. Here’s a little insight on poverty: First here’s a little insight on poverty. Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, healthcare and education. For much of history, poverty was considered largely unavoidable as traditional modes of production were insufficient to give an entire population a comfortable standard of living. After the industrial revolution, mass production in factories made wealth increasingly more inexpensive and accessible. Or more importance is the modernization of agriculture, such as fertilizers, in order to provide enough yield to feed the population. About 25,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes, according to the United Nations. This is one person every three and a half seconds, as you can see on this display. Unfortunately, it is children who die most often. And it sadden me to hear that children are the ones that is most often die. Yet there is plenty of food in the world for everyone. The problem is that hungry people are trapped in severe poverty. They lack the money to buy enough food to nourish themselves. Being constantly malnourished, they become weaker and often sick. This makes them increasingly less able to work, which then makes them even poorer and hungrier. This downward spiral often continues until death for them and their families. The â€Å"Americans† that so many of us have taken for granted for so many decades is literally disintegrating right in front of our eyes. Most Americans are still operating under the delusion that the United States will always be â€Å"the wealthiest nation† in the world and that our economy will always produce large numbers of high paying jobs and the U. S. will always have a very large middle class. But that is not what is happening. The very foundations of the U. S. economy have rotted away and we now find ourselves on the verge of an economic collapse. Already millions of Americans are slipping out the middle class and into the devastating grip of poverty. Statistic after statistic proves that the middle class in the United States is shrinking month after month. Meanwhile, millions of American starting to wake up and are beginning to realize that we have very serious problems in our hands, but they have no idea what is causing our economic distress and they are unaware that most of our politicians have absolutely no idea how to fix the economy disaster that we have created. Hunger and Poverty: †¢ Despite years of progress against hunger, in 2010, it is estimated that 925 million people suffer from hunger. This is due to a sudden spike in global food prices and the onset of world-wide economics crisis. †¢ In 2005, the latest year for which date is available, 1. billion people in developing countries lived in extreme poverty, or less than $1. 25 a day, down from 1. 9 billion in 1981. Regional Disparities: †¢ Poverty has declined dramatically in East Asia and in India since 1981 relative to population growth. Sub-Saharan Africa has been little change in the proportion of people who live in extreme poverty between 1981 and 2005, w ith 51% of the population living on less than $1. 25 per day, down from 53% in 1981. The absolute number of people in extreme poverty has almost doubled during the same period, from 200 million in 1981 to almost 400 million in 2005. About 75% of the world’s poor people live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Malnutrition: †¢ In 2008, nearly 9 million children did before they reached their fifth birthday. One third of these deaths are due directly or indirectly to hunger and malnutrition. Malnutrition is not having enough nourishing food, with adequate amounts of protein, vitamins, minerals and calories to support physical and mental growth and development. Children who survive early childhood malnutrition poor physical growth, compromised immune function, and impaired cognitive ability. Around the world, 178 million children under 5 are stunted, low height for age of all stunted children, 90 percent live in just 36 countries, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Central Asia. †¢ In countries with high levels of childhood malnutrition, the economic loss can be as high as 2-3 percent of GDP. U. S. Development Assistance: †¢ U. S. development assistance accounts for about 0. 2% of gross national income. Since 2000, U. S. poverty-focused development assistance has tripled, and currently totals a little over $28 billion, but this amount still represents less than 1% of the federal budget. From 1985 to 2005, U. S. development assistance to support agriculture and rural development declined from 12 percent of all official development assistance to just 3. 1 percent. We are told that globalization calls for accountability and that accountability demands uniform universal standards. That sounds reasonable doesn’t it? But what about the standardized beliefs and values? Like it or not such standards are here. There is nothing inherently wrong with standards. I would propose a plan such as countries coming together and focusing on making different co unties a better place to live. Start by cleaning up and dealing with the main issues. Poverty and Pollution is very dangerous and no one should not have to indure such tragic things. While doing and focusing on the direst issue I would find funding in helping areas such sheltering, sanitation, clothing, food, water, health as well as education. These are so important in life, people can’t function properly without this. You have people having respiratory issues due so much bad pollution in the air. I would also focus on getting teams or starting a foundation on cleaning up our communities and having a safe place to live. Many families are suffering everyday due to pollution, they are not having normal live as they should. The majors steps I would take are : How to help stop Pollution: 1. I would surf the web for solution 2. Think small ( the little things adds up) 3. Speak out!!!! Put sign up saying Please Recycle ( Tell people what you know) I would do whatever it takes to get the word out. Express idea’s that would make it better. I would also start a group and we would meek at least once a week to discuss the issue at hand.

Morality the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

For example, throughout the novel â€Å"Huckleberry Finn â€Å", Mark Twain depicts society as a structure that has become little more than a collection of degraded rules and precepts that defy logic. This faulty logic manifests itself early, when the new judge in town allows Pap to keep custody of Huck. â€Å"The law backs that Judge Thatcher up and helps him to keep me out o’ my property.† The judge privileges Pap’s â€Å"rights† to his son over Huck’s welfare. Clearly, this decision comments on a system that puts a white man’s rights to his â€Å"property†Ã¢â‚¬â€œhis slaves–over the welfare and freedom of a black man. Whereas a reader in the 1880s might have overlooked the moral absurdity of giving a man custody of another man, however, the mirroring of this situation in the granting of rights to the immoral Pap over the lovable Huck forces the reader to think more closely about the meaning of slavery. In implicitly comparing the plight of slaves to the plight of Huck at the hands of Pap, Twain demonstrates how impossible it is for a society that owns slaves to be just, no matter how â€Å"civilized† that society believes and proclaims itself to be. In addition, childhood has been described by the author, as an important factor in the theme of moral education: only a child is open-minded enough to undergo the kind of development that Huck does.† It was a close place. I took†¦up [the letter I’d written to Miss Watson], and held it in my hand. I was a-trembling, because I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I know it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: â€Å" All right then, I’ll go to hell†Ã¢â‚¬â€œEm dash intended here? and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming†¦Ã¢â‚¬ It, describes the moral climax of the novel. Jim has been sold by the Duke and Dauphin, and is being held by the Phelpses spending his  return to his rightful owner. Thinking that being at home in St. Petersburg, even if it means Jim will still be a slave and Huck will be a captive of the Widow, would be better than being in his current state of peril far from home, Huck composes a letter to Miss Watson, telling her where Jim is. When Huck thinks of his friendship with Jim, however, and realizes that Jim will be sold down the river anyway, he decides to tear up the letter. The logical consequences of his action, rather than the lessons society has taught him, drive Huck. Huck decides that going to â€Å"hell,† if it means following his gut and not society’s hypocritical and cruel principles, is a better option than going to everyone else’s heaven. This is Huck’s true break with the world around him. At this point he decides to help Jim escape slavery once and for all, and he realizes that he, Huck, will not be re-entering the civilized world: he has moved beyond it morally. Since Huck and Tom are young, their age lends a sense of play to their actions, which excuses them in certain ways and also heightens the profundity of the novel’s commentary on slavery and society. Huck and Tom know better than the adults around them, but they lack the guidance that a proper family and community should have offered them. Furthermore, Huck and Tom encounter individuals who seem good (Sally Phelps, for example), but Twain takes care to show us that person as a prejudiced slave-owner. â€Å"Preacher be hanged, he’s a fraud and a liar†. The shakiness of the justice systems that Huck encounters lies at the heart of society’s problems: terrible acts go unpunished, yet frivolous crimes, such as drunkenly shouting insults, lead to executions Sherburn’s speech to the mob that has come to lynch him accurately summarizes the view of society given in this book: rather than maintaining collective welfare, society is marked by cowardice, a lack of logic, and profound selfishness.

Discuss the definitions and characteristics of White Collar Crime Essay

Discuss the definitions and characteristics of White Collar Crime - Essay Example White collar fraud does not carry any act of violence with it. The chief trait of this fraud is to beguile the victims and making them the ‘ insects towards lamp’. Perpetrators are not easily caught and punished, since most of the victims do not make a complaint of their loss at an early stage. By the time the victims realise their plight of being cheated and try to make the issue open to the society, the perpetrators either vacate the scene or gain still more strength of popularity that shields them from the punishments. Naturally neither an individual nor a group of people award punishment for the lapse of the self. At the point of realisation, the question of awarding punishment to the self disappears. Thus analysis of crime and awarding punishment are always carried out in second person only and not in first person. The power of punishing is usually vested with people of higher status of socio economic arena. Crime is simply human. Status difference are not actually correlated to what is termed activities of crime. But since, the powered people are capable of making and breaking the rules, crimes committed by them are generally not treated as violent as the crimes of blue collar people. Sutherland’s definition of white collar crime goes this way: ‘white collar crime is the crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation†. Hazel Croall, (2001), has scrutinised this definition and found some deficiencies in it. He has pointed out that Sutherland’s definition is silent on the issue of identifying the activities of white collar crime. He was very much concerned about the miniature mentioning of white collar crime in many research findings and the low tone in the expressly declared results. The Marxist approach of criminology, which used to control the activities of the low powered or powerless, did keep

The Unlikely Secret Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Unlikely Secret Agent - Essay Example Eleanor’s race, class and gender affected how others saw and treated her in ways that were advantageous and disadvantageous to her, and these advantages would not have been present for working-class black men; also, however different she may be to those directly affected by apartheid, she was still effective in opposing it because she showed that these differences did not justify the inhumanity of apartheid, and that her race, class, and gender also led to similar experiences of oppression. Eleanor’s race and class are advantages for her because they helped her elude suspicions and maltreatment. Eleanor is not black or a Jewish man, but a Scottish woman who is romantically involved with a Jew. Because of her race, she evaded the initial roundups of the Secret Police who targeted male Jews and blacks first. In addition, her race had been a good source of prevention of police brutality that normally showed against anti-apartheid demonstrators. Eleanor remembered that it was possible that without the presence of the white couple, Harold and Maggy Strachan, heading a rally and facing armed policemen ready to fire, another massacre of black working-class protesters would have followed the Sharpville Massacre (39). Because of her class, she also earned some form of respect. As a middle-class South African, she was also not an immediate target of suspicion, for how many middle-class people would sacrifice their comfortable social status for the risks involved in fighti ng against the apartheid? In addition, Eleanor had a bookstore, and so she was also able to order subversive books from America and use it as a front line for sending and receiving messages for ANC members. Her class provided money and social status that enabled her to serve the ANC and to end apartheid. As a woman, Eleanor also accessed greater social support, respect, and care than men. Eleanor’s gender was a source of social support. She remembered being imprisoned

Collaboration in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collaboration in Business - Essay Example Effective leadership steers the community towards achieving the set objectives of which can be customer satisfaction, profit maximization, market dominance among other business objectives. The goals and objectives of the business community will provide a frame work for laying out the policies and guidelines that will be used for running the community. Collaborative business communities employ collaborative problem-solving techniques to enhance their performance. The individual business goals and objectives of each member have to be put into consideration when formulating the overall goals of the business community (Welborn & Kasten, 2003). In order for a business to successfully collaborate with external partners it should have the ability to successfully collaborate internally. A business firm should develop strategies and practices that enable the culture of collaboration internally (Welborn & Kasten, 2003).This may be done in various ways such as inter departmental collaboration w here each department has mechanisms for dealing with their other counterpart departments effectively. Collaborations can also be exercised within the firm’s management structure whereby at each level of management there are effective methods of collaboration that ensure the smooth running of activities within the business. Barriers that may be encountered in collaborations such institutional, legal and psychological barriers should be anticipated and preventive measures taken in advance. Institutional barriers involve the internal activities of the individual potential member. These barriers may arise due to the internal policies of the potential member of the community such as their policies on expansion whereby they might not be interested in expanding to the level that will result from the collaboration. When it comes to legal barriers, these are barriers that may arise due to the legal framework of the country that the company is. For instance in for the multi – na tional firms, the firms intending to form the collaboration might be located in different countries with different set of laws regarding the activities they intend to engage in as a collaboration. The psychological barriers are related to the mindsets of the potential customers of the collaboration, the present customers of the individual members, their employees and other stakeholders. Some might have a negative attitude towards the company that is being brought into the collaboration and these might have an impact on issues to do with sales, worker motivation incase of the employees. The legal framework of the countries intending to form the collaboration should be studied especially concerning the practice of business collaborations and measures should be put in place to ensure that the potential collaborators do not contravene the law. For institutional barriers between the members intending to form the collaboration, they should be both prepared to cede some ground regarding th eir internal policies so as to successfully build the collaboration. Finally, the potential collaborators can carry out consumer and employee education in order to inform them of the potential impact that the collaboration will have (either directly or indirectly) on their lives in order for them to make informed decisions (Welborn & Kasten, 2003). The collaborative communities should deliver tangible value to each member, to ensure engagement and commitment to the common goals, and