Tom Jones is a great novel of English Literature Essay -- English Lite

Tom Jones is a great newfangled of English LiteratureTom Jones is a great novel of English Literature it presents aquandary raised in a humorous way. The 18th century masterpiecedevelops in the countryside of England at the village-like place ofSummerset. Sexual temptations, moral assumptions, and uniquecharacters make the tosh as captivating a creative painting fromPicasso. Most important the character of Tom Jones is veryidentifiable for his realistic approaches, sexual adventures, andheroic actions.The novel tells the story of a bastard child found by a wealthy manwith great heart Squire Allworthy, the lord of the country manor(TomJones the novel play, 1963). He found this infant in the sheets of hisbed one night as he prepared to sleep. This is of course Tom Jones. Asa growing kid, Tom gets himself in trouble all the time with theunwelcome help of Master Blifil (Allworthys sisters son with evil,greedy original Blifil). Tom is a child of great heart and passion.However, anythi ng Tom ever does seems wrong and punishable becauseBlifil and his t...

Whats Normal Whats A Freak :: essays research papers

Whats chemical formula Whats a drug addictI ask a question, as the title of my paper, in hopes of relaying a point. No one for sure knows what the answers to these questions ar. Im sure I dont, but I do have my own judgements as to what the answers whitethorn be. I have friends that say they are popular. But, what else would they know. Ive been called everything from a witch to a panic personally Im proud to be called that. It shows that I am diametrical from them. Everyone is different in our society. There are no definitions for either of these questions so why try and answer them. Most people believe in one main(prenominal) thing and that is them selves.     People say and do things that most people dont like, that prove we are all different. Yet some people say when asked if they are normal they say Yes. Then asked their definition of normal and they say "themselves". I asked one such person those two questions then asked him if the guy sitting near him was normal and he responded Yes. But, that struck a cord for me. I stated that he wasnt him. How could he be normal, he wasnt you? He had no good response for that. I asked other people and they answered the same way. But, you tell me what is normal and how do you come to this answer. In the past Ive been called a freak, sometimes they even said a freak of nature. But what do they know what a freak is. Their is no such thing as a freak. Some people would say a freak that is different. But, isnt that everyone? Any one person who says that a freak is someone who is different then they just called their best friend or their parents freaks. And no one likes to be around a freak, right in most peoples minds freaks are the metal heads, outcasts, and every single person that is different or doesnt meet their standers. We all are different, instead of scrutinizing and making fun of everyone else for being different why not look into yourselves and put through what is the same bet ween you two and see if you can see them in a different view. Take it from someone who never has had a chance in her life until this year to be herself. I tried so hard to be part of something I wasnt.

The Fragile Being Essay -- Developing Countries, Inadequate Access to

Women and men deserve equitable opportunities to achieve a reasonable standard of a healthy living. However, in create countries, the interplay of sundry(a) economic, social, cultural and biologic factors render women underprivileged to attain their rights to decent nutrition, health care services and health information. Nevertheless, some get outs affecting womens health are shared, in part, by the opposite gender. Inadequate access to nutritious food, and the resulting malnutrition, is perhaps the greatest dilemma for the health of women in developing countries. Indeed, undernutrition is the leading risk factor of under-five mortality in girls, accounting for around seven deaths per thousand children in mild- and middle-income countries 1. Rising food prices, climate change, wars and conflict have caused unprecedented food insecurity in various parts of the developing world 2. It has been estimated that nearly 20% of the population of developing countries is affected by chr onic food deficit 3. The Global Hunger baron reports that 969 million people live on less than US $ 1 per day, and that 923 million people go hungry everyday 2. Though malnutrition is a job for both sexes, women are more vulnerable due to gender-based inequitable access to food 1. Women are also more likely to suffer the repercussions of food insecurity because of their biological roles during pregnancy and lactation and the resultant increase in nutritional demands. In pregnant women, malnutrition stunts the immune system and homeostatic mechanisms of the body, leaving them vulnerable to developing infections and maternal complications such as miscarriage and obstructed labor, besides increasing the risk of maternal mortality 4.Cont... ...throughout the ages, neglect of their health needs and concerns has caused them to endure wide suffering. Further, the health of women is closely intertwined to the well-being of the next generation of children. Malnourished women are likely t o have poor birth outcomes, in particular, intra-uterine growth retardation, preterm birth and infants with low birth weight 4,12. Such infants also have a higher neonatal and infant mortality compared to those born to healthy mothers 4. The issue of womens health thus has an enormous impact on the society as a whole and needs to be addressed as a priority. To what extent this issue has actually been prioritized, remains a question unanswered. Women deserve to be afforded treatment at par with their male counterparts to safeguard their fragile existence, and to give them a retributory opportunity to excel in their abilities.

Rafting the Nolichucky :: Personal Narrative Writing

Rafting the NolichuckyThe Nolichucky River is a body of piss that rises from the Blue Ridge Mountains in Western North Carolina and flows northwest into Tennessee, thusly goes west to join the French Broad River after running a course of 150 miles (Britanica. Com). The Nolichuckys most action packed stretch of water runs through a beautiful stretch of the Pisgah and Cherokee National Forests. The whitenesswater on this river is truly world-class. If thrills and spills are what you love, then the Nolichucky, referred to commonly as the Noli, is the place you need to check out. As a chain reactor-guide on the Nolichucky this past summer, I highly recommend that any(prenominal) physically and mentally stable student who enjoys nature should give a white water-rafting trip roughly serious thought. For an individual with absolutely no experience, I would suggest starting on a mild part of the Noli. The lower scope of the Nolichucky offers a mild dose of rapids and is perfect for chi ldren and those with a low tolerance for danger and extreme sports. The lower Noli is a five-mile trip and usually takes anywhere comprise three to six hours. With only one Class III on the entire trip, one could almost take a nap on this raft trip. The upper section of the Nolichucky is where you are going to get to exercise those bellowing lungs. With an array of Class IV rapids, the upper section of the Noli promises to provide a daylight of thrills and spills.Before planning a white water rafting trip, I suggest everyone to be aware of certain things. First, this is a dangerous and physical event that requires some muscle and heart. For anyone with a weight problem, heart problems, or mental instability, this activity is not suggested by the companies who provide their services in this type of activity. If you have any questions about your ability to do an activity of this nature, consult a doctor first. The main goal for all of us is to have fun and be safe.The telephoner th at I work for is called Cherokee Adventures and is located about twenty miles south of the ETSU campus. From the Culp Center, this should be no more than a twenty five-minute drive. From the campus the you need go south in the direction of US181/23. Head south on 81/23 and go 15 miles from Johnson City.

Emily Dickinson and Charles Wright :: essays research papers

Faith and spirituality can be explored in the poetry of the New England poet Emily Dickinson and the Southern poet Charles Wright. Dickinson seeks for inspiration in the Bible, while Charles Wright looks to Dickinson as a source of information, guidance and inspiration. Wright suggest that Dickinsons poetry is an electron microscope trained on the infinite and the idea of God. Her poems are immense voyages into the unknowable.(Quarter) Charles Wright whose poetry captures a compilation of sours states that "There are three things, basically, that he writes about language, landscape, and the idea of God." Dickinson and Wright centered their poetry in their belief in God and both share the influence of the Bible. Although, Emily Dickinson physically isolated herself from the world she managed to maintain friendships by communicating through correspondence. Ironically, Dickinsons poetry was collected and published after her death. Dickinson explores life and death in most of her poems by questioning the existence of God. Dickinson applies common human experiences as images to illustrate the connection from the personal train of the human being, to a universal level of faith and God. This can be seen in Dickinsons Poem (I, 45). Theres something quieter than sleepWithin this inner roomIt wears a sprig upon its breastAnd will non tell its crap.Some touch it, and some kiss itSome chafe its idle handIt has a simple gravityI do not understandI would not weep if I were theyHow rude in one to sobMight scare the quiet fairyBack to her essential woodWhile simple-hearted neighborsChat of the "Early dead"Weprone to periphrasisRemark that Birds have fled Dickinson employs vivid impressions of death in this poem. In the first line, she employs the proportion between sleep and death sleep is silent but death lives within silence. She uses the word it to help identify something other than human. She declares that it.will not tell its name as thought it ref uses to speak and then resents the dead for its stillness and laziness. Then she acknowledges the attraction she has to death by doubting its gravity. In the third stanza, she expresses that she would not cry for the dead because not only is it offensive to the dead but it might panic the soul to return to dust. Christians believe that from the earth we are do and once we die, we return to the dust of the earth.

Emily Dickinson and Charles Wright :: essays research papers

Faith and spirituality can be explored in the rhyme of the New England poet Emily Dickinson and the Southern poet Charles Wright. Dickinson seeks for inspiration in the Bible, patch Charles Wright looks to Dickinson as a source of information, guidance and inspiration. Wright suggest that Dickinsons poetry is an electron microscope trained on the infinite and the idea of God. Her poems are immense voyages into the unknowable.(Quarter) Charles Wright whose poetry captures a compilation of influences states that "There are three things, basically, that he writes about language, landscape, and the idea of God." Dickinson and Wright centered their poetry in their belief in God and both part the influence of the Bible. Although, Emily Dickinson physically isolated herself from the world she managed to maintain friendships by communicating through correspondence. Ironically, Dickinsons poetry was collected and published after her remainder. Dickinson explores life and death in most of her poems by questioning the existence of God. Dickinson applies common human experiences as images to illustrate the connection from the personal level of the human being, to a universal joint level of faith and God. This can be seen in Dickinsons Poem (I, 45). Theres something quieter than sleepWithin this inner roomIt wears a sprig upon its breastAnd go forth not key out its name.Some touch it, and some kiss itSome chafe its idle handIt has a simple gravityI do not understandI would not weep if I were theyHow rude in one to sobMight scare the quiet fairy natural covering to her native woodWhile simple-hearted neighborsChat of the "Early dead"Weprone to periphrasisRemark that Birds have fled Dickinson employs vivid impressions of death in this poem. In the early line, she employs the analogy between sleep and death sleep is silent but death lives within silence. She uses the word it to help identify something other than human. She declares that it.will not t ell its name as thought it refuses to speak and then resents the dead for its stillness and laziness. Then she acknowledges the attraction she has to death by doubting its gravity. In the tercet stanza, she expresses that she would not cry for the dead because not only is it offensive to the dead but it might panic the soul to return to dust. Christians believe that from the earth we are made and once we die, we return to the dust of the earth.

Decision Making Condition & Example Essay

1.1 Introduction end Making is very important thing that we do in allday lives. According to Harris, R (2010), finale do is the assume of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the look ons and preferences of the finding maker and reservation a decisiveness implies that there are alternative choices to be considered. In addition, we are non on to identify as m any of those alternatives as possible save to choose the one that has the highest chance of effectiveness. Just as there are contrastive types of stopping point, there are also different approaches to conclusiveness making that are appropriate in different situation. Some ends are made logical and keen thinking, while early(a)s are made using experience and nearlytimes based on the performance of a practiced skill. finality making also potentiometer be described as the act of choosing one alternative from among a set of alternatives available. The termination making process includes recognizing an d defining the nature of a decisiveness situation, identifying alternatives, choosing the vanquish alternative, and putting it into practice.In the decision making environment, there are three categories that is decision in certain check up on, in ambivalent condition and also in dotty condition. The certain condition in making decision is where we withdraw confidence and belief to get the best sequel in a single answer. The decisions maker also countenance to gain the comprehensive information regarding the situation elapse in order to assist in his/her decision making. Meanwhile, uncertain condition in making decision is when the decision maker does not have knowledge of information where it is impossible to accurately describe for future outcome, to a greater extent than one possible outcome.The decision maker also needs to have a high tendency towards risks to make the decision. Risky condition in making condition is where the decision maker has very circumscribed of i nformation and as a result, it is hard for them to predict the outcome. This questioning condition ground last only be assumed based on information provided and probability that situation leave overstep and whether the situation really happen or oppositewise fuckingnot be completely ascertained as suggested by Shahrul A.A. et al (2011). He also said that decision maker or motorbus has limited information to assist in making the decision in risky condition all the same though the information obtains is not complete. In this topic, we leave alone analyze the three conditions in decision making environment, showcases for each category and also conclusion for the topic.2.0 Decision Making in authentic ensureDecision making in certain condition implies that we know with 100 percent accuracy what the states of nature go away be and what the expected payoffs go out be for each state of nature. Harold. K(2009). He also believed that decision making on a lower floor sure thi ng is the easiest case to work with because with certainty, decision maker assume that all of the necessary information is available to assist them in making the right decision, and their can predict the outcome with a high level of confidence. This condition is ideal for problem solving and it is simply to study the alternatives and choose the best solution. Decision making in certain condition also occur when we know all information nearly alternatives and the best chosen one is the close to effective.Meanwhile, Dr. John Bukowski (2012), believed that one method we can use to help decide is the cut-off screening method. Here, the decision maker predetermines a cut-off for each criterion. Then, the decision maker goes through each criterion and eliminates any choices that dont meet the cutoff. If much than one choice remains, the decision maker could consider additional criteria or bound the cutoffs. If all choices have been eliminated, the decision maker can relax the cutoffs .2.1 Example of Decision Making in Certain ConditionThere are some(prenominal) examples using the certainty condition in different kind of situation. One of the example, is during making a choice of transportation from headway A to a point B. Transportation ABC can take the person from point A to a point B in 10 minutes with the amount of RM 2.00. while transportation XYZ can take the person in 15 minutes with the same amount. With having limited time and money, and using the information completely given, the noetic decision maker is able to know the best choice of transportation that he/she have to use to get to the destination, that is transportation ABC. In this situation, the decision maker can make the decision easily without any other probability of deciding for other option.2.2 Second Example of Decision Making in Certain ConditionAnother example of making decision in certain condition is sullying a newfound sign. Mr. Ali is working at the city but he is currently livi ng in flat house and his house located quite a distance from his workplace. Mr Ali getting promoted to the senior level, thus, he is thinking to buy a new house. His budget is RM 300,000 and he is looking for a house near at his workplace. House option A provides a bungalow house that near to the workplace, but the price is higher than his expectation that is RM 500,000. Meanwhile option B provides a new double-storey house also near to his workplace but with a less amount that is 280,000. From the information, Mr. Ali can make a decision using his budget limitation and also time saving going to work daily, the best option for Mr. Ali is Option B.2.3 Third Example of Decision Making in Certain ConditionThe next decision making is on certainty is buying a car. Mr. Edward have his own family with 3 kids. Currently, Mr. Edward want to upgrade his car from his compact car into MPV size and is willing to pay not more than RM85,000 for the new car. There are several car manufacturers tha t selling the MPV Segment that is Proton Exora that cost RM 80,000 with value for money, good re-sell value and good maintenance. While Nissan Grand Livina will cost RM 90,000 and Toyota Wish will cost him RM 130,000. Using this information, Mr Edward have sufficient information to decide which one is the best option in term of value for money, maintenance, quality, insurance, and also re-sell value. Using this complete information, and the decision that based on facts, opinions and reasonable info, the best option for Mr Edward is Proton Exora.2.4 tail Example of Decision Making in Certain ConditionMr. Gopal are yielding to decide between three utilise cars, all of which are priced the same. If he want to buy used car make sense one, there is a 70 percent probability that he will have to spend RM400 to get the railway locomotive back in shape. However, there is a 30 percent probability that the engine will have to be replaced, which will cost him RM2, 000. If he chooses car nu mber 2, there is a 50 percent probability that he wont have to spend any money at all, a 30 percent probability that radiator repairs will cost only RM450, but there is a 20 percent chance that the car will conduct a new set of radiator that will cost him RM 1,500. If he choose car number three, he will face a 60 percent probability of an RM200 transmission repair, a 35 percent probability of a small transmission adjustment, and a 5 percent initiative that he will need to spend RM500 to fix the engine and the transmission. After considering information that he have and the cost for repairing of each used car, the best buy for him is the used car number 3.3.0 Decision Making in Uncertain ConditionA decision making in uncertain condition is when there are many unknowns and no possibility of knowing what could occur in the future to alter the outcome of a decision. It is also when the information received by decision maker is so poor that he/she cannot even assign probabilities to th e likely outcomes of alternatives, thus making it an uncertain condition. Decision making under conditions of uncertainty is also an everyday task. When we decide whether or not to go out without bring the umbrella fearing it will rain, when deciding on whether or not to wear a helmet for cycling on the street or when deciding whether to take the bus or bus to work, the decision maker have to make a decision that involves outcomes that are in uncertain condition. According to Martin T. Schultz et al (2010), uncertainty can be classified either as input uncertainty or model uncertainty. Input uncertainty arises from a lack of knowledge about the true value of quantities used in analyzing a decision. In practice, model uncertainties are much more difficult to deal with than input uncertainties because they require the analyst to propose and evaluate competing models (Casman et al. 1999).3.1 Example of Decision Making in Uncertain ConditionAhmad runs a small company that manufacture lo w-cost ergonomic stool and he sold via the Internet. His company has several popular models, each with annual sales of RM100,000 to RM150,000. He has an opportunity to invest in a new technology of manufacturing stool. Ahmad knows that a new technology will cost RM220,000 and is unsure whether there will be sufficient demand for the stool to cover this wide-ranging investment. If the market is good, he thinks he can sell 4,000 chairs at a profit of RM100 each, generating a cash flow with present value of RM400,000.On the other hand, if the market is poor, he thinks he might sell only 1,000 chairs, generating a cash flow with present value of RM100,000. In this situation, ahmad does not have any information to help him decide and it is hard for him to make a decision from each probability that he made. Therefore he must use his rational and his business experience to make a best choice in order not to make his company sacking in profit. Ahmad needs some skills and methods to make decisions under uncertainty. He needs techniques that match the limited time and money budgets of his small company. Therefore, this situation on decision making, he will try to have higher propensity and more practical level for the small business.3.2 Second Example of Decision Making in Uncertain ConditionHassan, who is deep retired, has the opportunity to pursue his lifelong dream of operating a charter angle business on the Langkawi Island with his retire savings of RM 50,000. Hassan has located a used charter fishing boat that he can purchase for RM 40,000. He realizes that this is a risky investment with many uncertainties, but he must reach a decision on whether or not to buy this boat by the end of the month. If he does not operate a charter fishing business, he will leave the money in an existing investment that is guaranteed to yield a 5% annual return. Hassans decision has been framed as a choice between a charter boat investment and an alternative investment. If the pr ofits from his charter boat investment would exceed the returns from the alternative investment, he will invest in the charter boat.In this example, Hassan has applied the passive approach to adaptive management because the information he uses to update his decision is not obtained. Although the information is not obtained as part of the decision-making process, he used past experience and information to make the decision. According to Dr. Hossein, A.(2001), melody decision making is approximately always accompanied by conditions of uncertainty. Clearly, the more information the decision maker has, the better the decision will be. Treating decisions as if they were gambles is the basis of decision theory. This means that we have to trade off the value of a certain outcome against its probability.3.3 Third Example Decision Making in Uncertain ConditionAnother example is when analyze the weather patterns in the city ABC, forecasted by meteorological department. Sometimes the data pr ovided by meteorological department is not always accurate to the battalion thus involved uncertainty condition. The most common weather that usually occurs was high winds, heavy rain, and lightning storm. For example they are predict City ABC will get a storm and heavy rain at night and as a result one of the live concert will be held at night do not know whether to cancel the show or go on due to the forecast.In this situation, people will apprehend that forecasts involve uncertainty with the future weather forecast because when they do not enough information, they have to estimate on their own and in this uncertainty, people have only a rely data base, they do not know whether or not the data are reliable, and they are very unsure about whether or not situation may change. According to Keltie, Denise.(2007), they used both rules and tools to deal with the uncertainty created by weather conditions and in terms of rules, they often relied upon heuristic program strategies (cogn itive rules of thumb) to help with decision making.3.4 Fourth Example Decision Making in Uncertain ConditionA local film producer has a genuine a script and it is starting to cast the movie. The budget allows for the film is RM 50,000 for the male lead actor and RM 30,000 for the female lead actor. There are three actors that may be suitable for the male lead, and just two female actors that may fit the partof the leading lady.How does the producer decide on the individual actors and on the combination of two actors? According to Sharaf N. R.(2012), he suggested that in areas such as movie business, book publishing, and television programming, decisions are often reached on intuition, hunches, opportunities, and the pressure that a decision has to be made by a certain date. He also said, in the absence of time, relevant data, and funds, the decision makers rely on their intuition, catgut feelings, and experience. In such situations, common sense suggests that an experienced person is more likely to make a better decision than an inexperienced person is.4.0 Decision Making in Risky ConditionIn a risky situation, factual information may exist, but it may not complete. Rowe, W (1988) believed that whenever the decision maker has some knowledge regarding the state of nature, he/she may be able to assign subjective probability estimates for the occurrence of each state and in such cases, the problem is classified as decision making under risk. Shahrul A.A (2011) suggested that the decision maker will not know for sure the situations that will occur in the future and minimal information will only give some insight in predicting what will occur. He also said, whether the situation really will happen or otherwise, cannot be completely ascertained.The situation in risky condition usually related to management that has to deal with the market, insurance and investment. With limited resources and information, it becomes clear how important to make the right decision to avoid any losses or damage for decision maker. According to Geoffrey, C and Thomas, W. (1999), in risky condition, decision maker must assign a probability to each State of Nature and in some cases, research will reveal historic relative frequency information that we might conclude reveals the underlying probabilities.4.1 Example of Decision Making in Risky ConditionOne example of risky decision can be seen in car running system. Car used to have simple ignition systems, with a distributor driven from the engine, the grease-gun was a linkage from the pedal to the old system of carburetor. If the car was not running right, or there was another problem, it was simple to monitor and repair.Todays car ignition systems are computer controlled with many sensors and actuators, the linkage from the gas pedal has been replaced with a computer, and the carburetor has been replaced by a fuel injection module. If something goes wrong, we can read out a manual code and try to determine which of the components and interconnections for each of the problem. The car running system is an example of the need for a more formal approach to risk based decision making and also risk management in car design and technology.4.2 Second Example of Decision Making in Risky ConditionAnother example of a decision made under risky condition might be in the following situation, A managing director in a supplier department decides to spend RM1,000 on a magazine ad believing there are three possible outcomes for the advertisement to have influence in their sales. A 25 percent chance the advertisement will have only a small effect on sales, a 55 percent chance of a moderate effect, and a 20 percent chance of a very large effect. This decision is made under risk because the manager can list each potential outcome and determine the probability of each outcome occurring.4.3 Third Example of Decision Making in Risky ConditionThe following situation is in hypermarket department store. Their monthly sales statement for every month is increase. Thus, their manager is able to assume that the company will obtain net profit this year after making losses last year. Without obtaining other information such as operational cost, change of taste in consumers and environment influence, they can only assume that the company will obtain a profit based on the sales trend for the past few months. Therefore, state that the probability that the company will obtain profits is 60% and the probability that the company will make losses is 40%. With this, the manager will make a decision to increase investment. Here, the manager made a decision in a risky condition that is, it is not known whether the company will really be making a profit or otherwise.4.4 Fourth Example of Decision Making in Risky ConditionAn example of a decision made under risky condition would be, for a manager of a medical research company, the decision of whether to spend RM 10 million on the research and development of a ne w technology on mental process equipment. The profits from the research and development spending will depend on whether the government will imposes new plan for the price regulations on new technology in the medical industry. Thus, on this condition, the manager must take the risk whether to carry on with the plan or cancel for the research.The two states of nature confront the manager in this problem are, 45 percent the government will impose price regulations or 55 percent the government will not impose price regulations for the new technology. While the manager have the limited information with the profits that will occur under either state of nature, the manager has risky condition of the probability that price regulations will be imposed on new technology. on a lower floor such conditions, a decision is made under risky condition.5.0 ConclusionThe decision making is an everyday task for us. We make decision making in environment using three kind conditions in everyday of our life, whether when we should use the car to go work, when we buying a new house, make a investment, expand our business, travelling and more. There is a lot of possibility and choice that we have to decide using these three conditions that is certain condition, uncertain and risky condition. We have to decide using the information and experience because good decision making requires not only knowing the facts, but also understanding the limits of knowledge. If we dont have good understanding, experience and knowledge in decision making, we might ended in losing profits in our investment, regrets in purchasing a new car or house and even loss in our business.6.0 References Casman, E.A., M. G. Morgan, and H. Dowlatabadi. (1999). Mixed levels of uncertainty in complex policy models, Risk analysis 19(1)33-42. 3 November2012Daniel Straub, Isabell Welpe. (2011). Decision-making under risk a normative and behavioral perspective.Geoffrey Churchill, Thomas Whalen. (1999). Robinson College of Business Georgia State University Decisions under skepticism. Retrieve at http//www2.gsu.edu/dscthw/8350/decis-w.pdf 16 November 2012Harris, R. (2010, November 22). Evaluating Internet Research Sources. Retrieved from http//www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm 6 November 2012Harold Kerzner. (2009). Project Management A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, Tenth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Publisher. 5 November 2012Hossein Arsham . (2001).Tools for Decision AnalysisAnalysis of Risky Decisions. Retrieve at http//home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/opre640a/partix.htm 11 November 2012John F. Bukawski. (2012). Quantitative Reasoning, by Alicia Sevilla and Kay Somers, ISBN 1-931914-90-7 . Retrieved at http//jcsites.juniata.edu/faculty/bukowski/ma103/topic11.htm 4 November 2012Keltie, Denise. (2007). Ski Operations Managers Decision Making Under Uncertainty Management Decision Making. 6 November2012Kiker G.A. et al. (2005). Application of Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Enviro nmental Decision Making. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 1(2), pp. 95108.4 November 201Martin T. Schultz, Kenneth N. Mitchell, Brian K. Harper, Todd S. Bridges. (2010). Decision Making Under Uncertainty U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. 5 November 2012Rowe, W. (1988). An Anatomy of Risk. R.E. Krieger Publishing Company 10 November 2012Shahrul Aman Ahmad. et al. (2011). Principles of Management BBPP1103. V. Nov 2011. OUM. 2 Nov 2012Sharaf N. Rehman.(2012). Decision-making Under Conditions of Uncertainty The American Association of Behavioral and neighborly Sciences Journal.(The AABSS Journal, 2012, Volume 16).5 November 2012

Renaissance Architecture

Renaissance Architecture Between 1400 and 1600 AD classical ideas of an historic period of awakening took place in Italy and northern Europe. This period was called The Renaissance which means born anew in French. Renaissance computer architecture was inspired by the architecture of classic/ancient Greece and Rome. Before Gothic architecture was very asymmetrical and complex. The conversion architecture was highly symmetrical and very proportioned.Features Of Renaissance Buildings symmetrical battle array of windows and doors use of classical columns and pilasters triangular pediments square lintel arches domes niches with sculptures Great Renaissance Architects Giacomo da Vignola Andrea Palladio Fillipo Brunelleschi Michelangelo Buonarroti Examples Of Renaissance Buildings The San Gio Rigo Maggiore in Venice is an example for an renaissance building. the Redentore in Venice the basilica in Vicenza the rotunda near Vicenza the Louvre in Paris The Phases Of Renaissance For more than five centuries, artists in northern Italy were exploring new Ideas during the beginning of the early 1500s, Italy saw an explosion of endowment and innovation. This period is called The High Renaissance during the next century renaissance ideas spread through northern Europe, slowly replacing the former Gothic approaches to art and architecture.During the 1600s renaissance ideas developed into heavily ornamented baroque style. Even after the renaissance period ended architects were inspired by renaissance ideas. In the 1700s and early 1800s, fashionable architects designed stately neo classical buildings. A century later, American architects like Richard Morris hunt designed grand renaissance revival style homes that resembled villas and palaces from renaissance Italy. benny Opoku-Arthur Langston Beckford-Uibel

Literature ans society Essay

The publications of an age, and its mixer set up guarding and reacting unrivalled over the other. publications influences the fiat society is reflected in Literature and in this way, in solely languages and at all(a) times there has been a close interaction between the two. Literature of any age cannot escape the influence of the brotherly scene and therefore is found reflecting the society of the age when it is created. The poet, the dramatist, the novelist, the essayist are all the crop of their age and their-age openly and clearly gets imaged in their compositions. That cannot be helped, it so seems.Takethe example of two literatures side of meat and Hindi. Chaucer is called the father of English poetry and actually English literature in its form and language which kept on developing and improving, begins from him. His around representative work is the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales and then the Canterbury Tales. All the characters painted in these tales are the a line representation of the types of such people as they were in his times.While Chaucer is a reflector of those characters and their types of his age he is virtually and truly described as the chronicler of his age his characters whether aKnight the Prioress the monk, the fat fryer, the sailor, the squire, the priest all are truly the representatives of their types in the contemporary society as they actually were.Chaucer is a painter as well as a critic of his society. Shakespeare the greatest dramatist of English language one of the greatest of all languages brings in ghosts, witches, and courtier and fools in his plays which were as per the liking of his audience and a part of the English Society of his times. That is what is rightly said about Shakespeare that in addition to the normal three unitiesTime, buns and Action in drama, he brought about the fourth unity unity with the people.That encomium clearly Shakespeare being influenced by the society of his age and in his plays he, though never gave any message or pronounced any philosophy, but that is always there the triumph of the good over the evil. This was the message that was most needed to his age after all that had happened earlier Henry VIII the king having been killed, Mary Tudor a despotic, arrogant, a cruel ruler and then a benevolent, all embracing middle-path follower queen Queen Elizabeth.As is the king so are the people is an old but true verbal expression and Shakespeare reflects that hilarious sometimes, but somber and philosophic at the other in his plays. Hulton was very much the product of his age. A truly puritanical person a deeply religious man, he gave to his age which was battling with belief and disbelief the message of Gods triumph over Satan. The Eighteenth century of English literature is a true product of the age. The social scene had degenerated into debauchery and license after the Restoration of Charles II who brought alongwith him all that he had enjoyed dur ing his exile and adjourns in France and the literature of that period reflects all that was happening in the society. Alexander Popes Rape of the Lock is a reflection of the so-called lascivious steep society of and pungent satire too, on all that was too much too bad for the society. Thus Pope is a reflector as a corrector of his age.So are Addison and Steele as essayists. Balzac, Zola, Maupassant of France had cast their influence on every Wycherley, conserve and later Restoration dramatists who had gone to the lowest depth in describing social disparity and this is how literature reflected the age.The French Revolution a very significant political and social event of Europe had as its basic tenets Equality, Fraternity and indecorum and these tenets and the revolution did cast its spell all over Europe and England and the English poets could not escape that influence. Wordsworth was moved by the humanitarian aspect of the revolution in the earlier phase but later its bloodine ss and violence disillusioned him and all this is reflected in Wordsworths poetry poet of man and in his later poetry. Shelley was moved by the revolutions spirit of revolution and Byron by its fighting spirit.Tennyson was a true representative of the Victorian age and sang of the glories of the Empire while his reputation poetry gets influenced by the advancement of Science in the later nineteenth century. He did not remain a priest of nature as Wordsworth was because where recognition advances religion declines. Charles Dickens saw the backside of industrialization the poor getting Poorer and the rich richer the sufferings of the poor are ignored and his novels reflect all this.The First initiation War (1914-19) created a group of who sang of the glories of war, of chivalry andSacrifice for the nation and then there is the post w poetry and post-war drama Bernard Shaw dramatist cognize for his pungent satire, pricking the balloon of romanticism associated with war gunism and love in his Arms and the Man.Eliot comes on the literary stage to deal with the pronounce disillusionment of the age in his Wasteland all this about English Literature. Similarly in Hindi Literature, when Prithvi Raj Chauhan was fighting valiantly with Mohammad Gori Chandrabardai the warrior poet was singing of the glories of war and his hero in his Prithvi Raj Raso.Then came the Bhakti Kal the period of Bhakti the country and the nation had fallen under the Muslim yoke and there were class conflicts on the basis of faith and religion. in that location came on the literary scene, Kabir, who preached anti-fanaticism pricked the bloated balloon of superstitions and blind faiths and admonished both mullahs and Pandits and showed the way of God. Tulsidas found the Hindu society divided into factions Shaivas and Vaishnavas and showed the path of love, brotherhood and mutual respect for all Gods and presented the ideals of a son, a brother, a wife, and a devotee.The triumph of Ra m the incarnation of the Good over Ravan, the symbol of Evil is an eternal lesson given by him to the society whose lessons remain revered even till today. The period of comparative social peace created a set of poets who indulged in pleasing their patrons the Kings as their courtiers and songsters. Their poetry is integral of amorous sports in which they make Krishna a Radha and the Gopis their actors a very wrong a vitiated depiction unbecoming of those great. This was done just to gratify their patrons the esthetic and sensual kings.This is how the social scene was reflecting itself in literature. Then, comes the modern age. The British were ruling India and there were classes close to the ruler and classes suffering at the pass of the officials and at the hands of the so-called elite of the society. There were classes created the superior, the downtrodden the imperialists and the nationalists. Prem Chand the great novelist unravels this class fight in his novels and thereby, not only reflects the society of his times but gives a lesson too. His novels, his short stories all need a lesson to give.There was Bhartendu Harishchandra the poet the harbinger of the modern age and thought, who successfully caricatured the classes social and religious thus reflecting the social scene with a point to recover it. Thus goes on the scene. Maithili Saran Gupta the Gandhian poet sings of the glory of Ram, of the glory of Lord Buddha, of the glory of other mythological heroes his thrust throughout being to awaken the masses and exonerate them into cordial social contacts.The national fervor reverberated through the veins of the Psyche under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and poetsafter poets, writers after writers sang of the of our ancient land and its culture. Jai Sanker rasad, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, the poets Dharmvir Shrilal Shukla the novelists brought into focus the inequalities and imbalances that plagued the social scene and through their t houghtful and sometimes highly satirical way brought to the fore the social and political malaise through which our present generation passing.This true presentation has been with a purpose to awaken the social conscience to the problems that dog the people. Literature thus has been holding the mirror up to Nature on one hand reflecting all traditions,trends and tendencies while rising up the finger of caution too to guard against all that goes against the basic values of life.Literature and Society have remained and shall remain ever intertwined and the more they so remain, the more solid would the foundations be laid for a sustained growth a well-coordinated growth and a correct social order Literature has to play its part as a reflector and a corrector of society and society has to inspire men of letters to keep themselves on their guard towards their mission of social good.

Self-Managing Teams at General Electric Aircraft

The organizational behavior issues that I addressed in this paper pertain to self-managing teams at General electric cars aircraft engine assembly facility in Durham, conjugation Carolina (hereafter referred to as GE). The hold Engines of Democracy from Fast Company magazine is particularly provoke because the self-managed teams at General Electric fit the definition from our class text, organizational Behavior (1998), almost perfectly. According to this book, Among the management responsibilities allotted each self-managing team is that of continually assessing the work of the team and redesigning the military controls of the teams members (p. 152).Throughout the article, examples of job and process changes made at GE were noned. The majority of these changes were made to existing company processes front to the disruption of the plant, while the quest for continuous improvement has driven other changes since the facility opened. You will find various examples of these chang es throughout this paper. Although our course text Organizational Behavior (1998) just touches on self-managing teams, the situation at GE seems to be a hybrid of not only self-managing teams (p. 152), but of quality circles (p. 151), and TQM (p. 150).I chose the article Engines of Democracy because I believe that self-directed work teams can be victorful in many situations. Unfortunately, they do not formally exist at Commonwealth Edison (my employer), which is a traditional hierarchical company. I also chose this article because jets fascinate me. Simply tell, I am amazed by the fact that something that is so heavy is able to fly so high and so fast. In the article, Charles Fishman (1999) sums up my feelings when he states That some atomic number 53 who lives in Topeka can decide on a whim to go to Tokyo, and be there in less than a day, is truly miraculous (p.180).In this paper, I have highlighted several success factors at GE, and examples are included where it is appropriate. The success factors included are (a) Team Dynamics and Job Satisfaction, (b) Employee Selection and Skill Level, (c) Work Methods, (d) Employee Pride and Motivation, and (e) Telling Remarks active Commitment.The research methods used to create the GE organization are most similar to the Explicit Theory. Robert Henderson and his managers were responsible for opening the GE plant in Durham, North Carolina. Mr. Henderson decided that the assembly work would be done in the most radical fashion possible. In researching how this would be done, Henderson and his team researched best practices, by see other factories looking for ideas and methods that would empower his employees with authority and independence (Fishman, 1999, p. 188).The GE organization also has a hint of the Action Research Method, although it does not appear that it was by design used in the development of the organization, nor do all of the stages of the Action Research Model apply to GE.The GE plant has a staff of 1 70 employees, and 1 plant manager. Teams are responsible for the production of engines from start to finish, and they are told only 1 thing the date the engine needs to be on a truck. Team members handle all other facets of management. In the empowered atmosphere, decisions are made by consensus. The concept of teamwork is obvious, and a remark of employee by Keith McKee, who utter I have 15 bosses all of my teammates are my bosses (Fishman, 1999, p. 192) is indicative of the work environment. In addition, the former plant manager, Paula Sims stated that We call this the feedback capital of the world (Fishman, 1999, p. 192). No one is exempt from feedback. Early in Ms. Sims assignment, an employee told her that there was no need for her to micromanage the employees, because when she told them to do something, it would get done. I find this refreshing.In Organizational Management (1998), job satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable feeling that results from the perception that one s job fulfills or allows for the fulfillment of ones primary(prenominal) job values (p.107). Since the article makes no mention of the measurement of job satisfaction, I believe we can measure employee satisfaction by the turn e verywhere rate, which is less than five-percent annually. The article also includes some individual remarks relating to job satisfaction. For example, employee Pat Miller commented on previous jobs that he held, I had not input at all-none. Im much happier here. I italics added can change what goes on (Fishman, 1999, p. 184).With members of the plant conducting interviews of potential co-workers, GE uses extensive interviews that encompass eleven skill areas to respect candidates. Interviews have been known to last 8 hours, and they include interactive exercises.It was also decided that all employees should be FAA-certified mechanics. This is the only GE facility that has such a requirement. The rationale behind this thinking is that candidates will alre ady possess valuable training if they are get hold ofd. As stated by Robert Henderson, who was in charge of opening the facility, That would mean that wed start with a better caliber of employee (Fishman, 1999, p. 188). This remark fits the same line of thinking of another successful businessman, Ron Wolf, General Manager of the third estate Bay Packers. Mr. Wolf stated in his book The Packer Way Nine Stepping Stones to Building a Winning Organization, that the first of the nine keys to winning is to hire the best(Attner, Wolf, 1998).The GE workers strive to keep it simple. For example, the floor in an assembly micturateing is painted blue, so when parts are dropped, they can be easily seen. To hold certain parts in place before they are permanently installed, technicians began using beeswax. Also, all tools have foam cutout areas so that they are not left out of place. This addresses both productivity and safety issues.The plant utilizes what GE employees call multiskilling, which means that all employees know all of the jobs. Derrick McCoy, a GE employee, stated Multiskilling is how the place is kept together(Fishman, 1999, p. 186).As Mr. Fishman (1999) mentions in the article, money alone can not motivate people to perform as well as GE employees have (p. 182). The book Organizational Behavior (1998) shows that Abraham Maslow would agree, as evidenced by his Needs Hierarchy (p. 83). Based on Maslows model, money would conform to physiological and safety needs at best.Pride and satisfaction fuel motivation at the GE plant, as there are no action incentives. GE team members are so proud that they sweep out trucks so that no damage occurs to their finished product while they are be shipped via truck. Mr. Fishman (1999) reports that GE employees believe that their job is not to make jet engines, but to make jet engines better (p. 202).Commitment and the drive for perfection is taken very seriously by GE employees. This is evidenced by comments like tho se of employee Bill Lane, who said Ive got a 3-year old daughter, and I figure that each cream off we build engines for has someone with a 3-year old daughter riding on it (Fishman, 1999, p. 180).Employee Duane Williams, referring to problems that workers normally complain near, said well, we have a chance to do something about them. I cant say, They dont know whats going on, or, They made a bad decision. I italics added am they (Fishman, 1999, p. 186). Certainly allegiance comes from self-esteem and being appreciated. Again, Duane Williams remarked that I was never valued that much as an employee in my life. But here, I couldnt wait to get to work every day. Thats no BS (Fishman, 1999, p.184).So how effective is this self-directed plant? The GE plant has not missed a delivery date on their CF6 engine in 38 straight months. The bell of producing the CF6 engine has been reduced by 30 percent since 1995, which is even more astonishing since this engine has been in production fo r twenty years.When faced with the challenge of reducing plant costs by $1.2 million, the expense council that was assigned to address this issue provided a proposal at bottom 3 weeks. This plan ultimately superceded the plant managers plan that had been submitted earlier.Perhaps the greatest achievement of the team occurred when the plant was given the opportunity to build a new style of engine, the CFM56. From the time of the announcement that GE would build this engine, the team produced its first engine 9 weeks later. This was done at a cost that was 12% to 13% less than the Ohio plant, which had been manufacturing this engine style for years.Finally, the best tribute to the employees came from Robert Henderson, who even with the goal of making the plant as radical as possible, stated I was just constantly amazed by what was accomplished here (Fishman, 1999, p. 188).

Optical Distortion Essay

I. Executive Summary The dilemma ODI faces is whether introduce its product at a higher bell and continue process its multiproduct and multimarket strategy. Based on ODI express resources and current situation of domestic fowl labor in United States, it should strain on large-sized chicken arouses and set ODI lenses at a higher take aim for the sake of its profits and its future commerce plan.II. Introduction With the fact existed in poultry industry in tardily 1970s that most of the chickens in United States were knowledgeed by more or less large farms. Optical Distortion, Inc., a contact lens company, has developed a variety of contact lens applied on chickens considered to hold enormous market potential. However, it is hard for ODI to decide how to charge its products and how to extend its rail line nationwide considering its own limited resources.III. Analysis and Problem Identifications* Consumer Needs and WTP There are various-sized customers sm exclusively farm, medium farm, and large farm. They all suffered the loss caused by pecking order and cannibalism, and now most of them put on the method of debeaking to reduce the impact of peck order, however, debeaking has rough defects itself, and no matter what choice farmers make, they would concern following aspects before devising the decision whether the product or service is cost effective the trauma that would bring to chickens, since traditional depeaking method would cause damage to the chickens in some degrees the convenience of product usage is all- alpha(prenominal) especially for large farm the after-sale services means if the company can provide professional follow-up services to the farm after purchasing. The larger farms, the much suffered from pecking order, will be more interested in our product and care about more on the quality of product or service and what scotch value the product will bring to them. The value of ODI lens for farmers is the incremental benefit over exi sted depeaking methods minus the switching costs from depeaking to ODI lenses. Therefore ODI should take all the possible benefits that ODI would bring to farmers and in any case the costs of adopting ODI lens in to consideration. (See Exhibit 1)* Marketing Strategy Price The company agreed on the minimum price of $0.08 per pair, however, benefits the farmers would obtain justify a higher price than it. Nevertheless, with the price higher than $0.08, it would be risky to convince farmers take the products in to consideration seriously until they undergo the products themselves. Because of ODI limited resources, it should obtain maximum contri hardlyion as soon as possible to support its increasing fixed cost and variable cost. So I think ODI should price its lens higher than $0.08 per pair from the beginning, and forget the idea about introducing the lenses at lower price and raising it later since chicken farmers would believably non agree.Product Now ODI focus on developing co ntact lenses for chicken applications, and it is an innovative product for poultry industry that contains many advantages compared to depeaking method. However, it remains some problems like the lenses probably could not be reused. For ODI most potential customers, in this case, large farms, this problem may bring doubts about products stinting value and ease of use which may increase the purchasing frequency and labor input. In addition, ODI may also think about becoming a multiple-product company in the future after establishing ODI lenses business with large chicken farms. They may consider develop additional product related to poultry industry based on more sophisticated technology and higher-level demand, they could also develop contact lenses for human applications as well as for nonhuman applications.Marketing and communications ODI mainly focus on two ways approaching to its customers publicise in the leading poultry industry publications, participating in the most importan t industry trade shows. I think ODI should continue the strategy and also take a multiple-dimension advertising strategy, such as advertising on some Business-to-Business commercial website related to poultry industry, since most of ODI target customers are large farms. Currently, ODI has one salesperson speak no more than 80 farms and one technological representative for each five salespeople, although it may bring labor cost if ODI decided to hire more people, the number of salespeople might not be rich for ODI to process its think-big strategy and when dealing with its large farm customers, ODI may need more technology representative as well as salespeople. ODI may also seek cooperation with large-sized farms by obtaining long-term licenses from them.Distribution Based on the region-by-region strategy, and the fact that most of the large farms which have the flock size 100,000 and over are set(p) in California region and south Atlantic region, ODI should manufacture its regio nal office and ware house in those regions and gradually establish the net to cover other regions by setting up smaller-sized regional office or warehouse in regions of lower demand.Promotion Since the customers usually would order large inwardness of pairs of lenses especially large farms, ODI could offer promotions like if purchasing over some level of amount, they might get a rebate or discount on the products. However, since ODI is still fragile with its limited gravid resource and the margin of its products is connected tightly with the price, the price promotion may introduced after gaining more power of capital and coming up other competitors. Before ODI having the capability of processing price promotion, it could improve its service like prolong the time for which salespeople and technology representatives can thwart the entire course of application.* Competitive Strategy Benefit from its innovative technology and its patent and licensed protection of its products, ODI c an hold off competitions for at least(prenominal) three years, therefore, ODI should not relax on its goal of multiproduct and multimarket company in the country, find a way to build brand image and close business kind with suppliers and consumers, ODI should prepared well for confronting competitors by continuing product update and improving services, and ODI should also protect its proprietary technology by issuing patent.* intermediator Consideration Supplier New World Plastics is the exclusive supplier to one of the materials for ODI lens. Because New World Plastic controlled the patents for hydrophilic polymer, on one hand, ODI should maintain the relationship with New World Plastic since ODI obtained a long-term license from it for exclusive use of hydrophilic polymer for nonhuman applications, and New World Plastic agreed not to produce polymer for other firms seeking nonhuman markets, this would provide more time for ODI to exaggerate its influence in industry, on the o ther hand, ODI should keep the multiple-product strategy so that seek more bargaining power in this relationship and try to diverse risk of depending on limited suppliersIV. Alternatives Evaluation Option 1 make unnecessary think-big strategy with lower price If ODI plan to cling to its multimarket and multiproduct strategy, it should try to open the market as soon as possible, since for now it was limited by its eggshell and resources, it is hard for ODI to obtain considerable investment. To this end, ODI may consider capturing market at first place, therefore, it should provide price which its customer preferred. However, once the price is introduced, it is difficult for ODI to elevation it in the future, moreover, it is urgent for ODI to obtain maximum contribution on account of its current situation.Option 2 Keep think-big strategy with premium price Although farm owners may not recognize the benefits of adopting ODI lenses are much greater than $0.08 per pair, ODI can alteri ng this by advertising extensively or promoting products by free samples and making more approaches to customers. Because ODI lenses are a kind of innovation for poultry industry, and there are certainly no incumbents in the market or competitors in at least 3 years, ODI have some level of pricing power. Given premium price, ODI are able to maintain its marginal profits, and also beneficial for its business involution, since the margin should cover the costs of additional region offices and warehouse and advertising costs. Once ODI established its ODI lenses business, it can seek more opportunities in the market by expanding its production lines and creating newly favorable categories with additional capital and production capability.Option 2 Keep one-product strategy with premium price Considering its limited resources, it is unrealistic for ODI to expand its production lines immediately, the ODI lenses are still an immature product in market, and ODI will face uncertainties as th e project carrying on. Therefore, ODI currently has not extra resources regarding other products and markets. notwithstanding of growing numbers of chickens and farms, poultry industry shows a trend that chicken population are more and more focus on large farms but the growth in number of large farms of over 100,000 flock size is not as rapid as in the number of the chicken that they own (See Exhibit 2). Therefore, the market potential is quite limited in the long run and ODI should open a broader market.V. Recommendations and Conclusion If ODI lenses priced at a premium level at first, ODI could obtain more margin and it dont need to worry about the difficulties in raising price in the future. It should also focus on improving the quality and services of ODI lenses, try to build up solid business relationship with its suppliers and customers, also find multiple ways of advertising and increasing the customers awareness and accessibility of products. For ODI business expansion plan , I think ODI should focus on large-sized farms at the beginning put aside its business expansion temporally and focus on promoting ODI lenses regionally based on its limited resource. ODI should rely on technology updating, more effective advertising, and better services to build up brand image and occupy market share. After ODI lenses widely accepted by the market, ODI can start marching to other categories maybe poultry related products or non-poultry industry, based on its experiences and technology in this field.

Comcast Business Report Essay

AbstractThe purpose of this report is to dissect and learn about the strategies, management team, external environment and perseverance analysis that Comcast has put in place to be accrue a booming and profitable corporation. Comcast, which is head take uped in Philadelphia and is a well-liked religious expediency provider for television, phone, and internet, has been around for many years with a positive reputation. Comcast is cognize for using the acquisition entry strategy by purchasing numerous TV net laps, such as NBC Universal, and the argumentation company, Time Warner Cable.GeneralWhy did you strike this company?As a group, we decided to do Comcast for a variety of reasons. One being that the television, internet, and phone service provider is popular in the Hampton roads argona. Its competitor for television and net service is Verizon. As a Fortune 50 leader, Comcast sets the pace in a variety of ripe and fascinate descentes and create c atomic number 18er opport unities across a wide range of locations and disciplines.What Comcast does?Comcast is the largest production line and home Internet service provider in the United States and is ranked terzetto for the largest telephone service provider. Comcast provides function for residents and commercial offices in 40 states and the District of Columbia. getitional, Comcast is a producer of film and television contents, ope place cable systems length channels including E merriment Television, the Golf Channel, and national channels such as Telemundo.In February 2014, the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap argue worth $45.2 billion.Where/When it was established?In 1963, Comcast was found in 1963 (previously known as American Cable Systems) and is currently headquartered in Philadelphia, PA. Comcast has come a long commission since its beginnings as a single-system cable operator in Tupelo, Mississippi in 1963. Today, Comcast is a leader in the worlds of medi a, entertainment and technology and our story has unfolded due to an entrepreneurial spirit that is the foundation of e very(prenominal)thing we do.Company goalsComcast has many goals, but since 1963, Comcast continues to fulfill Ralph Roberts goal of twist an organization with a close-knit, family feel. Comcasts strategic objective is to gain long-term market sh are and dominance. The company is striving to become the most desired high-volume and low-cost service provider in the marketCompany Mission relationComcast brings together the best in media and technology. We drive innovation to create the worlds best entertainment and online experiences.(Comcast) Company Vision & ValuesIn Comcasts Corporate Social Responsibility Report, the company has a range of different values that the company as a whole would like to up conciliate. These values would be Connect media, technology, and peopleCreate media that mattersReduce environmental impactOperate liableDeepening trust through st ewardshipDevelop and engage employeesPromote renewing and inclusionBring the best out of peopleNumber of Retail UnitsAlthough in that location is not an exact number for retail units throughout the United States, there is information about the number of nodes for television, internet and phone go provider for residential and commercial. As of December 31, 2013, there are a numerate of 53.8 one million million million customers receiving service from Comcast. Television service is provided to 21.7 million customers, high-speed Internet is provided to 20.7 million customers and phone service is provided to 10.7 million customers. Majority of these customers can be found in Maryland, New York, Massachusetts and Miami.Number of EmployeesComcast has nearly 130,000 employees that help yield the company successful. Comcast employees pride themselves with ingenuity and passion with everything that they do. The employees provide excellent service and have ideas for sophisticated produ cts to create insightful and entertaining content. Comcast tries to create an attractive work environment and rewards their employees because of their dedication. Employees are rewarded with competitive pay, benefits, professional training and opportunities to build exceptional lead skills taxationComcast is the largest mass media and communications company in the world in revenue. As of March 31, 2014, according to Yahoo Finance, Comcast has earned $17.4 million revenue, which is a $1.5 million ontogeny since December 31, 2013. Net IncomeComcasts net income last record on March 31, 2014 by Yahoo Finance is $1.8 billion, which is a decrease since December 31, 2013. In December it was recorded that the net income of the popular service provider was $1.9 billion. According to ycharts.com, the net income (quarterly) range from $866 million being the minimum income in March 2010 to $2.113 billion being the maximum in September 2012. (See Fig NI for a line chart of net income since 20 10)Number of ShareholdersThere are a total of 539,000 shareholders that hold a share in the company in either a direct or indirect form of share. Direct shareholder is if you hold a physical stock certificate, while an indirect shareholder is if you hold your stock through a broker.Top Management TeamIn straightaways men, diversity is extremely important to equal opportunity employment. Women make up about 40% of the American hands. Comcast believes in cultivating an inclusive and diverse workforce in an effort to leverage perspectives and remain on the cutting edge of innovation. Comcast believes strongly in diversity and the total team concept. According to the Comcast website (2014) Women roughly beguile eight positions on the top management team at Comcast. These women are known as the women of Comcast and NBCUniversal.DArcy F. Rudnay is the Chief Communications Officer for the Comcast Corporation. According to the website for corporal Comcast (2014) Rudnay serves as the co mmunications counsel to the Chairman and CEO as well as other members of the executive branch. She leads the management of the companys brand, reputation and strategic communications activities across the Comcast organization. Rudnay has years of experience in both the publicand private sector. Before joining Comcast, Rudnay worked at the Lincoln Financial Group where she served as Vice prexy of Corporate Communications and Media Relations. She as well served as Vice President of Lincoln Financial Group Foundation. Rudnay has a long list of awards to her book of facts to include induction into the Public Relations Hall of Fame as one of the Nations top 25 communications executives. Her experience and skills has been a priceless addition to Comcast team.Amy Banse serves as the Managing Director and Head of Funds for Comcast Ventures. Banse has critical role in strategic planning for funds throughout the Comcast spectrum. According to the website for corporate Comcast (2014) Banse has compile over 20 years of experience in investing at Comcast. She began her career at Comcast in 1991 as an attorney responsible for investing, starting and building companies throughout Comcast. Banse became a central figure in the ontogenesis of the TV Everywhere strategy. She founded Comcast Interactive Media and direct the charge in overseeing multiple acquisitions to include Xfinity.com, Xfinitytv.com, and Fancast. These acquisitions led to the development of the TV Everywhere strategy.The experiences of Rudnay and Banse have been vital to the success of Comcast. Any organization that resembles Comcast must have some form of legal counsel who is responsible for the companies legalities and business ventures. Business ventures are critically important to growing and expanding the businesses to the Comcast level. Banse is an experienced team lead who is responsible for founding the Comcast Interactive Media. This venture led to the development of the TV Everywhere strategy. Her experience and expertise keeps the company moving forward and leading the charge in the digital age. Rudnay brings a wealth of experience from the communications side of the business. Rudnay has been elected to the Public Relations Hall of Fame for her diligent efforts. Together Rudnay and Banse provide the necessary tools and experience to keep Comcast at the tip of the spear in the digital world.My impression of the top management team is two-fold. Women are wellrepresented at the executive levels holding eight offices spanning from chairman to vice president. The positions held by these women represent a breakthrough for women as minorities. On the other hand, minority women such as African Americans and Hispanics were not represented. However the door to diversity trunk open for minority women. In my opinion, the cast of executive women may be too small given the size and stage setting of the Comcast Company.According to the website for Comcast Executive Biographies (2014 ) Brian L. Roberts serves as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Comcast corporation. Roberts took the helm as President of Comcast Corporation in 1990. Under his leadership at Comcast, the companys yearly revenue has grown to over $64 billion Comcast has grown into a global Fortune 50 corporation under the leadership of Roberts. Roberts has numerous awards for his leadership and recognized by Fortune magazine as a Business Person of the Year. Duality does exist for Roberts who has served as chairman for three consecutive terms. board of DirectorsThe Board of Directors is a diversified group of professions. The Board of Directors is represented by a diverse group of men and women. The Comcast Board of Directors is comprised of 61 professionals and out of the acclaim of 61 personnel, 16 are professional women. This group of professional women is represented by minority women as well. The Comcast Corporation has many moving shares. Considering the size and scope of the C omcast Corporation, in my opinion, the 61 members who make-up the Board of Directors, is the right number of personnel to oversee each aspect of the Comcast corporation.Most small businesses and large corporations have an indebtedness to shareholders to disclose what they do with the profits and how they obtain their profits. It is also a means to manage the corporations impact on the economy, society, and the environment. Comcast has a corporate social responsibility aimed at giving back and funding the communities they serve. According to the website for Comcast (2014) the Comcast Corporationseeks to em fountain local partners with the required resources to improve neighborhoods and create opportunities to change lives. Comcast also provides resources and funding for local supporting nonprofit organizations.Comcast hosts annual events to support different groups and organizations within the community. Comcast Career Day is an annual event that focuses on community service. The g oal of Comcast Career Day is to shoot a good depart message from the Comcasts employees, families, and friends and to leave an indelible mark on the communities they serve. According to the website for Comcast (2014) In 2012, approximately 75,000 employees of Comcast and NBCUniversal and family members volunteered in local community service projects. This effort spanned across 665 different locations logging more than 454,000 labor hours and awarded more than $1.5 million in Comcast Foundation matching grants in 2012.In a keep effort of corporation social responsibility, Comcast also supports and works with the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. The website for Comcast (2014) reports Comcast partnered with the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America to connect Comcast employees with students in need. Comcast set in motioned a program called beyond School Walls. This program paired local students up with Comcast employees to serve as mentors. The Beyond School Walls program reported greater work satisfaction and the students showed improved grades which encouraged an expansion of the program. In recognition of Comcasts support of the Big Brother Big Sister of America program, Comcast was honored with its Presidents Award. Comcast Business Level StrategyComcast has been making significant investments to enhance their products, while improving the service and support being delivered to consumers. Comcasts strategy is to principally focus on providing consumers with the best and most content across all available platforms. Comcasts vision is to give customers more content choices all of which are available to consumers at the click of the remote, without having to buy any additional equipment.One huge business level strategy that Comcast has implemented is a newbrand. In 2010, Comcast began promoting Xfinity, the companys rebranding trademark for the function provided. With this brand, Comcast is looking to improve customer perception and reputation with this new brand. Comcasts networks and products now offer 100+ HD channels, 50 to 70 foreign expression channels, incredibly fast Internet speeds and thousands of TV shows and movies online for a variety of customers of all ages to enjoy whenever and wherever they would like.With the Xfinity brand in large effect, Xfinity Signature Support is a new service for personal computers, home networking equipment and many other devices that customers connect to Comcast services 24/7. With Signature Support, Comcast customers have gravel to knowledgeable and experienced IT professionals who can provide support, troubleshooting and online technical support, either over the phone or in the home.This type of assistances is available either as part of a monthly subscription plan or for a stand-alone basis for those one-time fixes, such as virus removal or connecting printers or game consoles wirelessly. Customers are given the opportunity to choose an equipment protection plan that provides extende d warranties for computers and televisions. Comcast willing not have to change its strategy to continue to operate after the optical fusion with Time Warner Cable. Comcast uses a focused differentiation strategy, since the company looks for innovations that television, high-speed internet and phone service subscribers will be interested in using.General surroundDemographicsIn regards to demographics, the cable industries top 10 competing TV subscriptions are Netflix, Comcast, Direct TV, Dish, The Warner Cable, Hulu, AT & T, Verizon Fios, Charter and Cox. Video subscriber Netflix is the leading company with 36.2 million subscribers. in spite of appearance the cable industry the subscribers between the ages of forty and sixty obtain the most subscriptions. As a result, certain channels are included on these cable networks in order to appeal to subscribers that purchase most of their service. Along with the aging population, many different nationalities & ethnicities make up the de mographic market. Therefore within the cable industry, different channels are included in order to provide entertainment services to viewers of all cultural backgrounds.For instance, Comcast offers American Spanish language television and Telemundo in order to make their company more marketable to different cultures in the cable industry environment. Telecommunications and the development of broadband internet services are the rising affluence within the cable industry. Telecommunications have become very popular within the industry serving 26 million customers (NCTA, 1). broadband Internet services within the industry make up five of the top ten residential phone companies in the country servicing 50 million customers (NCTA, 1).Socio/CulturalFrom a socio cultural standpoint, society places a lot of emphasis on a diverse non-discriminating work environment where women and men are treated equally. Within the cable industry there has been emphasis on women employment due to pre-reces sion levels. However, Comcast is working with these socio cultural expectations by creating a diversified non-discriminating workforce for women with interest pertaining to their cable industry by hiring more women to be a part of their team. Along, with hiring women within the cable industry the pressure to accommodate older prole plays a major role in the socio cultural environment.According to the government data, 40 percent of workers older than 55 were in the workforce as of February 2012 up from just 29 percent in 1993. The number is evaluate to increase to 43.5 percent by 2018. This trend reflects the need for many older workers either to brook in or rejoin the workforce to beef up their retirement income by temping (Greenberg 1). Temping plays a major role in society because it opens up the pickaxe for older men and women to work. However, the cable industry accommodates these workers by offering part-time positions and retirement plans with good pay. Comcast helps to ac commodate older workers by providing retirement plans, salaries, and bonuses.Technology/world(a)The cable industry delivers through broadband providing service to over 50 million customers as of year ending 2012(NCTA 2). Some trends that consumers are looking for in cable companies are fast broadband speeds and standard cable broadband speeds ranging from 10 mps to 20 mps. Comcast iskeeping up with this trend by creating innovative services in their technologies including online be adrift of their cable channels and faster Internet services (Comcast 1). In regards to global, poverty can increase the amount of viewers that purchase TV subscriptions since this can be used as an alternative to going to the movie theaters or purchasing movies. Also, poverty can decrease the amount of viewers that purchase TV subscriptions due to their lack of income.Economic/PoliticalThere are a lot of factors that contribute to the economics of cable networks. The pay TV ecosystem in the United States has set the platform of growth for cable networks. In todays society approximately 100 million US homes and business pay an average of $68 per month to a cable or satellite operator for 19 channels of video programming (Grimes 1). They pay TV providers, in turn pay some $20 per subscriber per month to the cable networks in carriage fees that aggregate to roughly $24 billion per year. Add U.S. advertising sales of $25 billion in 2011, another billion or so for the sale of content to alternate distribution outlets and a $50 billion annual revenue industry with 40+% cash flow margins comes into focus. And that excludes the contribution from international networks that is especially significant for ESPN, CNN, MTV and the Discovery network(Grimes, 2). Therefore, it is evident that cable networks make a lot of profit in todays economy as a result of subscribers.In the economy, more people are willing to pay a subscription for a small monthly fee and as a result this has fueled new growth in their revenues as an industry. The good news for cable networks is that advertising sales trends remain strong on a demand and cost per thousand (CPM) basis such that the industrys ad revenue growth rate of 11%(Grimes 3). This just continues to add to the revenue of cable networks as a whole to continue to make their industry worth more profit. Events such as the London Olympics and U.S elections contributed a lot to their exceeding revenues. Along with cable networks with international broadcast, has increased the growth rates of non-U.S business which is the first time in years that this has exceeded domestic business.The less good news is that while cable and satellite carriage fees are expected to rise at the healthy, but lower, rate of 7% this year on a per-subscriber basis, the days of U.S. pay TV subscriber growth are over, belike forever (Grimes 4).The year 2012 will be the first years in 33-year history of pay TV in the U.S. As a result subscribers will decline from th e previous year. Younger people are paying for TV at lower rates than people of older generations. The downward slope of TV subscriptions will begin, however investors will be forced to think about a world in which cable networks are finally maturing assets (Grimes 5).Industry digestWhen looking at the Industry Environment of Comcast, The Five Forces of Competition Model, created by Michael Porter, can break it down.Rivalry among competing firmsWhen looking at the different products and services that Comcast offers, their competitors come from several different markets. For their most known service as cable television provider, Comcast is the top cable provider, having a reported 21,690,000 subscribers in the fourth quarter of 2013, which is sustainably more than the rest of the top 10 cable providers in the United States. The most known competitors in this market include Times Warner Cable, AT&T U-verse, and Verizon FIOS, all of which having 10,493,000 less subscribers in the coun try or more, making the current competition level in this area a low threat. With same companies as competitors in cable Internet services, AT&T is their highest competitor. Both companies with recorded 17 million customers and AT&T offer slightly better services compared to their prices.Even though this is the case, customers still have resided with Comcast, as they are known as the largest Internet cable provider as well. After gaining ownership of NBCUniversal, Comcast also has competition in the area of major film studios. NBCUniversal is the third largest film studio behind Warner Bros Entertainment, which is owned by their new business partner, Times Warner Cable, and The Walt Disney Studios. severally the firms own 17.1%, 15.9%, and 13.9% of the U.S. and Canadian market share in 2013, and have been in similar position since 2005. As Comcast begins to develop new online streaming services of its cable channels and other networking systems, it will meet other competitors as w ell.Threat of new entrantsBecause of the amount of time that is spent behind ledger entry and becoming a competitor in these industries, and the fact that Comcast is the leader of them as well, the threat of new entrants that would affect the firms market share is very low. The difficulty behind making a successful worldwide cable provider is a high level barrier to entry and the current cable providers have been in existence for decades. Comcasts threat of new entrants would not occur unless a firm was created that provided more innovating technology at a greater and widespread form.Threat of Substitute ProductsDue to the fact that new technology is being created constantly, Comcast has met new threats of substitutes in the recent years. Firms like Netflix and Hulu, which offer customers on-demand Internet streaming media, usually shows and movies that are offered on their cable channels, for low monthly rates, are substitutes that have been encountered within the past decade. Thi s has lead to some consumers to use this service quite an than paying heftier cable bills every month. This substitute threat is the reason why they are currently producing their own online streaming of their cable channels to compete with these companies, which is predicted to launch later this year.Bargaining Power of SuppliersBecause Comcast is always searching for innovating technology and software to provide their customers with new services Information technology suppliers have high talk terms power against the firm. These suppliers understand that they are necessary for Comcast to continue success so they will always be at high demand, and able to charge a heavy amount as well.Bargaining Power of bargain forersBecause there is a limited amount of communication and cable companies in the United States, the bargaining power of buyers of Comcasts services are limited. At the same time, in order to compete with their competition in the industry, they also have to make sure tha t the services and the prices of those services are at levels that their customers are willing to pay. If customers believe they are not reasonable, they will convert to anotherfirms cable services. So, by voicing their opinion on Comcasts services, customers are able to bargain for what they want from the firm.RecommendationsThe long term sustain faculty for Comcast will be based on their ability to streamline movies and sitcoms. This will allow them to maintain their market share from competitors like Netflix, Hulu TV, Livestream and other startup companies. In order for Comcast to attain long-term sustainability, the company will have to improve the reputation that they have when it comes to their customer service. Comcast has the lowest customer-service rating of any Internet service provider. (Berr, 2014)Comcast customers are not happy with the type of service they receive and that affects the company if they would like to have a future in the television, internet, and phone se rvice industry. Although Comcast has stated that a goal of the company is to improve the customer service, the company is just not there yet. Improving the customer service will help the company tremendously for the present and for the future.Works CitedAmy Banse. Amy Banse. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 June 2014. .Brian L. Roberts. Brian L. Roberts. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 June 2014. . Comcast. Comcast Corporation Form 10-K. Comcast. Comcast, n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.CMCSA Income Statement Comcast Corporation Stock Yahoo Finance. CMCSA Income Statement Comcast Corporation Stock Yahoo Finance. Yahoo Finance, 31 Mar. 2014. Web. 18 June 2014. .Comcast Corp.. . Edgar Online, 31 Dec. 2013. Web. 18 June 2014..Comcast Net Income (Quarterly). Comcast Net Income (Quarterly) (CMCSA). YCharts, 31 Mar. 2014. Web. 18 June 2014. .Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2012. 2012 Corporate Social Responsibility Report. Comcast NBC Universal, 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 18 June 2014. .DArcy F. Rudnay. DArcy F. Rudnay. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 June 2014. .Develop and Engage Employees. Develop and Engage Employees. Comcast NBC Universal, 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 18 June 2014. .Cox, Kate. Why Comcast Wants To Buy Time Warner Cable, And Why TWC Wants To Let Them. Consumerist. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. maturation Tomorrows Professionals and Leaders. Developing Tomorrows Professionals and Leaders. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 June 2014. .Fowlkes, Jasmine. Opinion Why Social Media Is Destroying Our Social Skills USA TODAY College College News and Information cater by USA TODAY. Opinion Why Social Media Is Destroying Our Social Skills USA TODAY College College News and Information Powered by USA TODAY. N.p., 11 Oct. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.Green, R. Kay. The Social Media Effect Are You Really Who You Portray Online? The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 07 Aug. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.Greenberg, Paul. Temping An Option for Older Workers. Web. 23 June 2014.Grimes Spencer. Sunset of the Golden Age As Cable Networks mount up. Web. 23 June 2014. http//seekingalpha.com/article/519831-sunset-of-the-golden-age-as-cable-networks-matureHorrocks, Bill. Equipping Homes for Energy Efficiency. Equipping Homes for Energy Efficiency. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.Major Movie Studios. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Oct. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.National Cable & Telecommunications Associations. Web. 23 June 2014. https//www.ncta.com/industry-dataPomerantz, Dorothy. Comcast Looks Set To Buy Time Warner Cable. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 13 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.Stelter, Brian. Comcast Agrees to Buy Time Warner Cable for $45 Billion. CNNMoney. Cable News Network, 13 Feb. 2014. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.The Women of Comcast and NBCUniversal. The Women of Comcast and NBCUniversal. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 June 2014. .UELAND, SIG. 20 Top Internet Service Providers. Practical Ecommerce. N.p., 11 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.Warrell, Margie. Seduced by Social Media Is Facebook Making You Lonely? The Huffington Post. TheH uffingtonPost.com, 08 Nov. 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.XFINITY TV. Comcast. Comcast, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.

The Survey of Factors Influencing Kolej Asa Students

The check out of factors influencing Kolej Asa bookmans in choosing Diploma in AccountancyCourse as their count 1 CHAPTER 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The introduction of this instruction, exit discuss the background of the survey of factors influencingKolej Asa students in choosing Diploma in Accountancy Course as their major. The prodigious and objectives of the project, the limitation encountered during the investigation of this project. 1. 1 OVERVIEW OF STUDYAccountancyis the process of communicating financial in bodyation intimately a channel entityto users such assh arholdersandmanagers . The communicationis usually in the form offinancial statementsthat show in m whizzy terms theeconomic resourcesunder the control of management the art lies in selecting the breeding that is relevant to the user and is reliable. Theprinciplesof method of bill system atomic number 18 applied to business line entities in terce divisions of practical art, named bill,bookkeeping, andaudi ting.TheAmeri substructure Institute of Certified Public Accountants(AICPA) defines accountancy as the art of constitutioning, classifying, and summarizing in a large manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results on that pointof. 2 method of method of bill is thousands of years old the early bill playscripts, which date back more than 7,000 years, were found inMesopotamia(Assyrians). The people of that time relied on primitive score methods to record the growth of crops and herds. invoice evolved, reveal over the years and advancing as business rised.Early accounts served alphaly to assist the memory of thebusinesspersonand the audience for the account was theproprietoror record shop steward alone. Cruder forms of score were inadequate for the problems created by a business entity involving multipleinvestors, sodouble-entry bookkeepingfirst emerged in northern Italy in the 1 4th century, where trading ventures began to call for morecapitalthan a single individual was able to invest. The development ofjoint stock companiescreated wider audiences for accounts, as investors without firsthand knowledge of theiroperationsrelied on accounts to domiciliate the requisite information.This development resulted in a split of bill systems for internal (i. e. management accounting) and external (i. e. financial) purposes, and subsequently also in accounting and disclosure regulations and a growing need for independent attestation of external accounts byauditors. 3 Today, accounting is called the language of business because it is the vehicle for reporting financial information about(predicate) a business entity to many assorted groups of people. report more concentrates on reporting to people inside the business entity is calledmanagement accounting.It used to provide information to employees, managers,owner-managersandauditors. Management accounting is conce rned primarily with providing a basis for making management or operating decisions. Accounting that provides information to people outside the business entity is calledfinancial accountingand provides information to present and potency shareholders,creditorssuch asbanksor vendors,financial analysts,economists, andgovernment agencies. Because these users have different needs, the presentation of financial accounts is rattling structured and take to many more rules than management accounting.The body of rules that governs financial accounting in a given jurisdiction is calledGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP. 4 1. 2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Accounting is a signifi enkindlet subject in the middle of students. Essentially accounting process involves record keepingrecording, classifying, reporting and interpreting economic events. However accountingat the moment is somuch more. Currently, the control is an even more precious member of the corporate strategic team with sen d in the corporations planning, evaluating and forecasting of the future. accord to Malaysia Deputy Prime Minister, Dato Seri Najib b TunRazak (Speech on The Occasion of the ICAEW Malaysia Achievers Ball, 2004) by the year 2020 in line to achieved residential ground status it has been predictable that Malaysia needs 60,000 accountants. The figure now stands at 21,000. All the way through Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEWs) hard work, and together with the Malaysian accountancy bodies, can show to students the charisma of an accounting vocation and lend a hand to correct any misconceptions on the career. For the Diploma Accountancy tier in Kolej Asa, students are being exposed to the importance of current situation of our country. Students require to completing 7semester in fix up to gain their Diploma in Accountancy. agreement students perceptions of accounting is a very significant first step in the effort to get out the best to the accounting profe ssion. This subject aims to study the factors such as personal factors, recognition group and line of work cogitate factors that may possiblymanipulate Kolej Asa students in choosing accounting cross as their foremost. 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT Even though thither are many opportunities created in the accounting profession, there are also many challenges the accounting profession has to contend with (Mladenovic, 2000 Parker, 2001). In todays demesne accounting profession is liner one challenge that is rehabilitating the public perception of the accounting profession itself, especially in the afterwardsmath of the many high gear-pitched-profile scandals in the get together States involving corporate giants such as Enron, WorldCom and differents. 6 Choosing a mannequin to study after Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) is non easy.On the one hand, it can be quite confusing over out-of-pocket to the plethora of courses and institutions available to the student to subscribe to fro m. On the former(a) hand there are many pitfalls that a student should avoid in order to make the right survival of the fittest (Loke, 2008). Several programs and marketing material are design by The American Institute of Certified PublicAccountants (AICPA) and some state societies to reap students to accounting. According to AICPA look for strikeed in 2002, the figure of graduates of accounting programs, undergrad and graduate, declined by 21. 3%, from 59,140 in 1990/1991 to 46,555 in 2000/2001.In Canada, the UK and the US the decline in quantity and or quality of students majoring in accounting and entering the profession has been an issue of concern for several decades, (Adams et al. , 1994 Stice and Swain, 1997). Recent evidence from The USA, the UK, New Zealand, Australia and Canada indicates that professional accountancy practice is befitting less attractive to accounting graduates and trainees from universities and colleges, and that professional accountancy firms are concerned about losing bright accounting candidates to early(a) professions (Ahmed et al. 1997 Albrecht and Sack, 2000 Felton et al. , 1994 Marriot and Marriot, 2003). 7 This look into intends to notice the blood regarding the factors that go students excerpt in accounting course. According to Carolyn, Susan and Brian (2005) understanding students perceptions of accounting is an important first step in the effort to attract the best to the accounting profession. Many studies have been through with(p) at universities on the universities level for example interrogation by Cohen and Hanon (1993), Ahmed et al. (1994) and Saeman et al. (1999). 1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the former discussion, inquiry forefront is to help out the queryer to respond and clarify the problem statement. The research questions are i. Is there any significant blood betwixt personal factors and students prime(a) of accounting course? ii. Is there any significant kindred between reference gro up and students choice of accounting course? iii. Is there any significant human descent between line of reasoning related factors and students choice of accounting course? 8 1. 5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of this research are i.To investigate the relationship between personal factors and the choice of the Kolej Asa students in accounting course. ii. To investigate the relationship between reference group and the choice of the Kolej Asa students in accounting course. iii. To investigate the relationship between jobs related factors and the choice of the Kolej Asa students in accounting course. 9 1. 6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY Accounting profession is congruous less attractive to accounting graduates and trainees from universities and colleges, and that professional accountancy firms are concerned about losing bright accounting candidates to other professions.The misinformation about accounting effects students decisions in choosing accounting as a potential career or maj or. However, when students are exposed to more information about accounting, there is a significant attach in their interest in accounting (Saudagaran, 1996). The AICPA and some state societies have introduced several programs and marketing materials designed to attract students to accounting. Employers and universities also have a stake in attracting students to accounting careers (Hardin al. , 2000).Recruiting efforts should begin early and should emphasize the challenging nature of accounting work and provide specific information about starting salaries. quite a than avoiding discussion of the recent accounting scandals e. g. Enron, recruiters should considering using them as an illustration of the critical occasion accounting gamings in our capital markets. 10 1. 6. 1 scholarS A reasoned starting place is to listen to high nurture students perceptions of theaccounting profession. In Malaysia, students have to make a decision in choosing a course to study afterSPM.Business studies has plough one of the main courses offered in many tertiaryinstitutions be it public or private universities or colleges. Students choosing a businesscourse will have to major in one the fields such as accountancy, finance, marketing,human resources or business administration. While there has been increasing effortsamong the universities and colleges in offering the courses that matches the studentsqualifications and needs, very little research has been yielded on the factors thatactually ferments the students choice. 1. 6. KOLEJ ASA This research will subsequently help those producers to know more about the opinion of accounting students on influences on accounting course provided in Kolej Asa. 11 1. 6. 3 FUTURE RESEARCHER This research will also benefit future researcher sources of in information if they are in fasted to do the topic related with this study. They also can extend to the other factors that studied in this research. 1. 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1. 7. 1 SUBJECT This research is focus on the students influences factors on accountancy course in Kolej Asa. 1. 7. LOCATION Kolej Asa in Rawang town has been chosen. The reason of choosing is, Rawang town area has more students compare to rural area. 12 1. 7. 3 RESPONDENTS The student consists of accountancy course provided in Kolej Asa. The specific chosen sample for this survey is in Kolej Asa. In this survey there are 50 students from accountancy course were being chosen. This research is essentiallyfocused on students who study accountancy course. 1. 8 LIMITATION I do aware that my research is not practical to accomplish due availability of current resource.Besides that, shortage of time is the main constraint to me. In addition to that, the information that I obtain from secondary selective information might not be accurate. The subject area of my research is students satisfaction. Therefore, customer perception will not be included. As this research is conducted at Kolej Asa in Rawang, the result will not reflect the view of student in other state within Malaysia. Alongside, the college authorities are not co-operate enough, disallowed survey on their student. 13 1. 8. 1 TIMEIn my research, I realize that shortage of time is the main constraints to me due to the reason that we just provide 4 months to conduct the survey. With the given 4 month of time, it is actually very limited amount of time for me to collect data and report depth psychology. Therefore, due tom the reason in a higher place with lacking of time, I had to settle this research for non-random sample of population. 1. 8. 2 COST By conducting this survey, we realize that the semester holiday of Kolej Asa will be factor that will be the factor that will affect this research.From this, we know that semester holiday of Kolej Asa is different from other College. Therefore, it is very hard to estimate the holiday of Kolej Asa and due to this research, I have to uncivilised some cost in order to prepare my research as well as some expenses in order to do the questionnaire papers to conduct my survey. 14 1. 8. 3 RESPONDENT The respondents are the student study in Kolej Asa at Rawang. Therefore, this research is conducted student at Kolej Asa Rawang town such as other colleges will not be the respondent of the research. 1. CONCLUSION The chapter 1 is the introduction to the reader on the topic of my research. It started out with a general introduction about the intended study before deductively moving towards narrowing down the research scope. I have given a brief introduction about accounting and the factors influencing them. Besides that, I had identified the subject area of my study students preferences towards in accounting course. Further, problem faced by the accounting course have been clearly stated and identified in the problem statement dent.I had list out 3 research question related to this research and subsequently the research objective to the research question. Significan t of the study have been clearly mention in this chapter in which this research will benefit the students, Kolej Asa and future researchers. This study will be specifying on the students influencing in accountingcourse. 15 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWAPTER 2 2. 1 Introduction This chapter reviews factors that are significant to students choice in accounting majoring.Using quite a few present literatures, we will talk about factors such as individual personal factors, reference group, job related factors and institutional factors that manipulate students in choosing accounting course as their foremost. There were researches done in United States of America and Australia in identifying factors influencing students choice of business major. Some of this research examined the subjective factors including social, cultural, sociological, psychological and personal factors, some looked at the objective factors and many others overlyk into consideration both categories.The dramatic lessen in both accounting graduates and enrollments prompted the AICPA to undertake a comprehensive survey of the factors causing the downturn in accounting majors. The AICPA engaged the Taylor Consulting and Research Group toconduct the survey and the report of the study can be found on the AICPA web site (AICPA, 2001, http//accounting. rutgers. edu/raw/aaa/aapg/spr01/spr01-6. htm). 16 The decisions reveal that the accounting profession is facing several critical challenges, including the awareness and understanding by students about accounting careers as well as negative perceptions of the profession.High school educators have a comparatively low opinion of accounting as a career option for high school students (Hardin et al, 2000). Hardin et al. identified three major hurdles in ever-changing high school teachers and students perceptions of the accounting profession. First, it is difficult to get the message that accounting is a challenging and rewarding career to the teachers who inter act with the best and brightest students. Second, when accounting is offered in high schools, it is offered as part of a vocational track.Third, many students say that their advocators had discouraged them from taking high school accounting because it was not for college-bound students. Students who attend high schools that offer accounting courses and even students who take accounting in high school are no more bidly to take a college accounting class than those who attend high schools that do not teach accounting. It appears that having a high school accounting class does not encourage students to study accounting in college. 17 Accounting education has been the subject of considerable debate since 1980s.Prior research documents that introductory accounting students study accounting with negative perception on accounting. Accounting is attractive to the students in terms of professional, but negative views regarding the nature and role of accounting persist (Fisher and Murphy, 1 995, p56). Similar findings have been documented by other researchers. The accounting majors also because of less attractive in accounting education. According to Albrecht and Sach (2001), most introductory accounting classes often focus on the set of financial data rather than on its use.In that case Students are not exposing to the business operation financially and they feel that accounting course are too hard and need more time to study. Nowadays preparation and dissemination will be faster, easy and not an expensive process due to advance in technology. In Malaysia, business studies has convey one of the main courses offered in many tertiary institutions be it public or private universities or colleges. Students choosing a business course will have select to major in one the fields such as accountancy, finance, marketing, human resources or business administration.While there has been increasing efforts among the universities and colleges in offering the courses that matches the students qualifications and needs, very little research has been conducted on the factors that actually influences the students choice of major. 18 Research in other countries such as United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia have established that students choice of major appear to be influenced by several factors ranging from personal to job related factors.Gender, take to the woods, their denary skills, students interest in the subject, expected marketability, performance in major classes, the approachability and teaching reputation of the faculty are among the factors that have some influence on the students choice. 2. 2 Factors influencing students choice 2. 2. 1 Reference Group Students norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction are providing by reference group including family and non-family groups. Previous studies corroborate that reference groups either family or non-family groups who have significant amount of interaction could influence s tudents choice of major. early(a) studies have found that students decision to major is influence by referents. Study confirmed that parents do influence students choice of business major except for those who chose accountancy as their major. Parents, followed by instructors had a well-set influence on students choice of majors. 19 Parents occupations are also influence students choice of business major. Research has showed that the instructors including high school teachers and college lecturers play a significant role in influencing a students final choice of business major.This study aims to explore if Malaysian students with a different cultural background are influence by either parents or educators in choosing their business major. 2. 2. 2 Personal factors An important selection factor is the tangible interest in the subject. Many research revealed that one of the significant factors identified that influences their choice of major are students interest in the subject found that factors such as interest in the subject, ability to do the major is important for the students in making such choice. Other factor such as quantitative skills and intellectually challenging also influences students choice.When students considered that accounting is interesting and effable they are more likely to recognize accounting as a major. This finding was further supported by results of where intrinsic rewards such as enjoyment of the study of the topics studied in accounting, were a soothsayer of captiveion to undertake a career in accounting. 20 Other research findings indicated that students with better quantitative skills tended to choose either accountancy or finance as business major whereas those who chose to major in marketing, management and management information system were those with weaker quantitative skills.This is consistent with the finding of who suggest that accounting requires full number skills. 2. 2. 3 Job related factors A number of studies hav e indicated that in accounting students discipline choice, a job satisfaction is important. Many research indicated that students choice of business major are influenced by higher earnings, prestige and career advancement discover students who chose other business major were more influenced by personal and normative factors and students who choose accounting as their major feel that compensation, career opportunities and prestige were significant factors that influence them.The findings from many other studies also support the result that students choice of business major are influenced by higher earnings, prestige and career advancement. This direction that accounting students discipline choice has traditionally been heavily influenced by earnings potential and job market conditions or opportunities. 21 There should be a general awareness among students on the career opportunities available in Malaysia and overseas and level of compensation for accountants as it has been widely pub lished in the local wordpapers.With the amount of news publicity given to a particular profession, it is interesting to find out if these job-related factors are the key factors influencing student in choosing accountancy as a major in Kolej Asa. 2. 3 Summary Based on the literature discuss above, this paper investigates if the personal factors, reference group and job related factors have significant influence to the KOLEJ ASA students in choosing accounting course as their major. 22 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influencing Kolej Asa students in choosing Diploma Accounting course as their major. Survey based methodology was used in this research to obtain data from the respondents namely first semester Diploma Accountancy students from KOLEJ ASA. It was a basic question regarding their choice of choosing Diploma Accountancy course in KOLEJ ASA. The questionnaire was developed to study the factors that influence students in choosing Diploma Accountancy course as their major. The data for this study was collected through a self-administered questionnaire.In the survey, respondents were asked to indicate the influence of four different factors on their selection of Diploma Accountancy. The set of four executable influences on decision to choose Diploma Accountancy course were determined from internal and external factors. 23 3. 2 Research Theoretical Framework ? The research theoretical framework is presented in the figure 1 below Figure 1 Research Theoretical Framework Personal Factors Reference Group STUDENTS CHOICE Job Related Factors In this framework the dependent variable is a students choice while the independent variables are personal factors, reference group and job related factors. 24 3. 3 Hypotheses Development Paolillo and Estes (1982), Zhang (2006), Malgawi et al. (2005) and Pimpa, (2007) studied on the factors which influence the choice of course. From these previous researcheshypotheses were developed in finding the relationship of the three factors influencing students in choosing accounting course as a major. 3. . 1 Personal factors Personal factors such as interest in the subject, ability to do the major quantitative skills and intellectually challenging and not boring were examined. Many research revealed that students interest in the subject is one of the significant factors identified that influences their choice of major. Research findings indicated that students with better quantitative skills tended to choose either accountancy or finance as business major whereas those who chose to major in marketing, management and management information system were those with weaker quantitative skills.Many research revealed that students interest in the subject is one of the significant factors identified that influences their choice of major. It was conclude that personal factors have a relationship with students choice. 25 Based on these previous researches, it can be suggested that personal factors has a relationship with students choice in choosing accounting course. Therefore, for the purpose of the current research, the hypotheses built will be H1 There is a significant relationship between personal factors and students choice on their major. 3. 3. 2 REFERENCE group There was a positive relationship between reference group and the choice of student which indicates that parents, high school teachers and college lecturers play significant role in influencing students choice. Other than that, parents occupation could also influence student choice on accounting course as a major.Therefore, the hypothesis built for this paper is H2- There is a significant relationship between reference group and students choice in accounting course. 26 3. 3. 3 Job related factors The Albrecht and Sach (2001) study asked participants to identify the most important reason students choose to major in accounting. A study conducted by Dora n also found that the most important action that would attract more high-quality students to the accounting profession would be to pay higher starting salaries (Doran, 2001). H3 There is a significant relationship between job related factors and students choice in accounting course. Zhang (2006), found that job-related factors including potential job opportunities and compensation are two keyfactorsthat influence the students choice. The research by Giladi, Amoo and Friedman (2002) found that higher earnings, prestige and career advancement influence the choice of student. From the previous researches, it was found that job related factors do have significant effect on students choice. Therefore, the hypothesis build for this paper is 7 3. 4 Variables Definition 3. 4. 1 Personal factors ? Including interest in the subject, ability to do the work, workload and challenge. 3. 4. 2 Reference group ? Including parents, relatives, friends, school teacher and counselor. 3. 4. 3 Job rela ted factors ? Including job opportunities, higher earnings, career advancement and prestige. 28228 3. 5 Operational Definition 3. 5. 1 Personal factors ? The form to which the students believes that the interest in the subject, ability to do the workload and challenge can influence them in choosing accountancy course. . 5. 2 Reference group ? The degree to which the students believes that parents, relatives, friends, school teacher and counselor can help them in making decisions. 3. 5. 3 Job related factors ? The degree to which the students believe that job opportunities, higher earnings, career advancement and prestige can influence them in choosing accountancy course. 29 3. 6 Sampling and Data Collection The population or the unit of analysis for this research will be the first and second semester of Diploma Accountancy Students in KOLEJ ASA.At Kolej Asa there are 5accounting classes and total of the students are 100. From the total population, the researcher tried to achieved 1 00% response rate, however, due to certain limitation, response rate that were obtained was only 50 students. A set of questionnaire were given to the class representative and he was responsible to distribute the questionnaires to the respondents and to collect the questionnaire after being filled by the respondents. The respondents were given 15 minutes to answer the questionnaire and returned it to the class representative.The next day, researchers collect the questionnaire from the class representative from each class. 30 3. 7 Instrumentation and measurement of variables The questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part 1 of the questionnaire solicited demographic information such as gender, race and basic qualification. In Part 2 of the questionnaire was further divided into section A, B and C. Section A contains 10 questions on respondents personal factors that would influence them in choosing accounting course using a five point Likert scale (1= strongly agree to 5 = strongl y disagree).Section B contains 9 questions on respondents referent group view of their choice and the degree of importance they placed on the referents view. Using a five point Likert scale (1= strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree), respondents were asked to indicate their agreement or disagreement with the statement that their parents/relatives/friends/counselor ideate that they should choose accounting course. Section C is set out to ascertain the job related factors that would influence them in choosing accounting course.Respondents were asked to indicate the extent of their agreement on a Likert scale of 1 to 5 (1= strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree). In this section there were 9 questions to be answered. The questionnaire used was adapted from Tracy (2003) and Marriot (2003), however, certain alteration has been made to suit the condition of this research. Refer Appendix B. 31 3. 8 inclemency and reliability of measurement In determining the validity of the measuremen t used, pretest had been conducted.According to ASA (1997), pretesting a questionnaire is central to planning a good survey and is critical for identifying questionnaire problems. The problems can make it for both respondents and interviewers regarding question content, patterns, or formatting. Before the questionnaire was distributed to the respondents, the researcher firstly sent the questionnaires to 6 pretest respondents consisting of colleagues and friends to comment on the questionnaires. The purpose of pretesting is to get the experts view on the questions. aft(prenominal) the comment was obtained, modification was made to the questionnaire.For the purpose of testing the reliability, Cronbach alpha was used to determine the reliability of each the data collected for each factor. The analysis was done using SPSS package. Cronbach alpha are widely used to describe reliability of tests and measurements (Kistner and Muller, 2004). A high alpha indicates that the factors has a h igh reliability and vice versa. According to guidelines by Sekaran (2003), a coefficient of below 0. 6 is considered to be poor, 0. 7 is acceptable, and over 0. 8 is good. Therefore, from the alpha score, the conclusion on whether the data is reliable can be concluded.If the alpha is low, this indicates that some of the items for a factor might not consistent with other items for the same factor. To overcome this problem, the items which are not consistent with other items will be eliminated. 32 3. 9 Data Analysis The analysis was done by using SPSS package and was divided into several phase. The first phase of analysis involved the analysis of central tendency. In this research, mean was used, which enable the interpretation of data where the point of keenest concentration can be obtained.Therefore, it can be observed on which factor the respondents will be in choosing Diploma Accounting course. The next phase involved the analysis of standard deviation. This was done to study the spread of dispersion of data. Therefore, interpretation of data involved in ciphering whether the choices of respondents were dispersed or their choices were converged to certain point. The final phase involves the analysis on the relationship between the independent variables (Personal factors, Reference group and Job related factors) with the dependant variable, which is students choice. These were one through the analysis of multiple regressions and enable the data interpretation to see the strength and direction of each independent variable with dependent variable. Therefore, it can be identified on whether the independent variables have a significant relationship to dependent variables as being hypothesized previously. The analysis had also identified the independent variable that have the most influence on choosing Diploma Accounting course. 33 In determining the regressions among the independent variables and the dependent variables, the impact of multi co linearity should not be neglected.Multi co linearity results from the situation where exists the correlation amongst predictor variables or the independent variables (Polhemus, 2005). When this situation happens, the regression results between the independent and dependent variables might be imprecise. 34 CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 Respondents background The main objective of this research is to find out if there is a significant relationship between reference groups, personal factor, job related factor and institutional factor of KOLEJ ASA accounting students in choosing accounting course as being hypothesized before.As apologizeed in the earlier chapters, the scope of this research is limited to KOLEJ ASA accounting students. The population for this research is 50, and from this total population, the data gathered was from 50 respondents, which represents 25% of the total population. Table 1 shows the respondents backgrounds which represent 78 % are female and male 22%. They are from various ra ces where, 44% is Chinese, 38% is Indian, 16% Malay and 2% others. All the respondents are students currently studying in KOLEJ ASA. 35 Table 1 Respondents flat coat Respondents Frequency Percent Gender Male 11 22% Female 39 78% Race Chinese 22 44% Indian 19 38% Malay 8 16% Others 1 2% Figure 1 Distribution of genderpic 36 Figure 2 Distribution of type of race pic 37 QUESTIONAIRE STRONGLY AGREE AGREE UNSURE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE (5) (1) (4) (3) (2) 2. Accounting is interesting 32 14 3 1 3. I would enjoy being an accountant 42 7 1 4. I am willing to learn accounting subject 32 18 5. I am willing to spend a lot of time studying accounting 40 7 2 1 6.I can do better in calculation 42 7 1 7. I like to answer question in figures 43 4 3 8. Accounting is a course with lots of classwork 18 29 3 9. Learning accounting is very challenging 31 17 2 10. I can claim high greed point average (GPA) 28 19 3 11.My family wants me to choose a ccounting course 13 29 3 5 12. My friends think I should choose accounting course 29 15 5 1 13. Other students recommend accounting course to me 32 15 3 14. My teacher thinks that I should take accounting course 45 5 15. My own motivations for choosing accounting course 35 15 16.My counselor at school recommend accounting course to me 35 12 3 17. Performance in secondary school subjectmatter makes me choose accounting course 39 11 18. My parents occupation encourage me to choose accounting 12 21 15 1 1 19. My parent wants me to choose accounting course 40 10 20.If I choose accounting course,there will be job 26 24 available for me when I graduate 21. If I choose accounting course,there will be a great job 39 8 3 market demand for people like me 22. I can get a high paying job if I graduate with accounting36 14 23.My starting salary will be live up to if I graduate with 27 23 accounting 24. Accountants are bori ng people 6 19 2 8 15 25. Being an accountant has a lot of prestige 42 8 26. The accounting profession is well respected 31 17 2 27. Accounting is a profession on par with medicine and law 45 5 28. Accounting is a field with broad exposure to business 39 11 39 4. 2 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Earlier chapter explain that to increase the validity of the instrument, the researcher has conducted pretest, where the questionnaires are distribute to the experts who gave their comments. The questionnaires are then being revise to increase the validity.Apart from that, the questions are also being design to include both positive and negative questions. In managing the data, the negative questions are being transformed and record into different variables before being analyzed. In other words, the negative questions were being transformed to positive questions. 40 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS 5. 1 Discussions The purpose of this paper is to find out factors influencin g Kolej Asa students in choosing Diploma Accounting course as a major. From the data analysis gathered from 50 respondents, as explained in Chapter 4 the three factors have been supported by the findings which is significantly influence the students choice.Reference group, personal factors and job related factors indicate a significant correlation with students choice, which means that all the factors had a relationship which will influence the respondents to choose accounting course. However, the strength of influence by reference group is considered moderate compared to personal factors and job related factors. This showed that the respondents perceived personal factors, although significant and to be a huge influence to the students choice. 41 Among all the three factors, personal factors is seen to have the strongest influence over students choice which is consistent with the result found in Adams, Pryor and Adams (1994)Doran ( 2001), and Pritchard et al. , (2004).Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents perceived that their choice in choosing accounting course will be determined more by independents, higher earnings, career advancement and prestige, followed by the job related factors which influence them to choose accounting course which consistent with the finding in Adams, Pryor and Adams (1994), Doran ( 2001), and Pritchard et al. , (2004). 5. 2 Conclusions The above discussion is based on the objective of the research, which is to find out if there is any significant relationship between the personal factors, reference group and job related factors and the students choice in choosing accounting course at KOLEJ ASA. All the factors indicated a significant relationship to the students choice. 42 5. 3 Implications The implications of this findings suggest the importance of career counseling road shows and career fairs to create awareness and understanding among young high school leavers who intent to pursue an accounting course in higher educ ation institution.This will rectify the problem of students enrolling into other courses of which they have no knowledge of the subjects taught and future career options thus minimizing the number of students dropping out when they found out they are not interested in the subjects taught at all. The awareness and understanding of subjects taught and career options available are important to high school leavers who intent to pursue an accounting course as this research found that the utmost important factors influencing their choice of courses include interest in the subject, career advancement and career opportunities available. Another implication derived from this research is the emphasis of factor influencing undergraduates choice of courses.It is vital to highlight to undergraduate who intent to pursue a particular course on the possibility of the existence of factor influencing them to choose a particular course. This research hopes to highlight the importance of the role of th e higher education institutions in offering sufficient and relevant information to potential students who want to pursue an accounting course so that these young high school leavers are able to make informed decision about their future career. 43 5. 4 Limitations This study has the following limitations. Firstly the study has a limited reference from local researchers so it is more depend on research that had been done abroad.It is also lack of accounting research which could help to explain on local situation. Secondly the study selected only four variables because of time constrains. Thirdly the questionnaire was only administered at one institution. The limitations of this study provide a path for further research in this area. 44 References ? How to Conduct Pretesting. 1997. American Statistical Association. ? Speech on The Occasion of the ICAEW Malaysia Achievers Ball, 2004 ? Brown, J. W. 2004. Techniques of Multivariate Data Analysis ? Adams, S. J. , L J. Pryor, and S. L. Ada ms. 1994. leader and retention of high altitude students in accounting An exploratory longitudinal study. Issues in Accounting learning. Ahmed, K. , K. F. Alam, and M, Alam. 1997. An empirical study of factors affectingaccounting students choice in New Zealand. Accounting Education an international journal. ? Albrecht, W. S. , and R. J. Sach, 2001 . The Perilous Future of Accounting Education. The CPA ledger. ? Auyeung, P. and J, Sands. 1997. Factors influencing accounting students career choice a cross cultural validation study. Accounting Education an international journal. ? 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Marriott. 2003.Are we turning them off a longitudinal study of undergraduate accounting students attitudes toward accounting as a profession, accounting Education an international journal. ? Mauldin, S. , J. L Crain and P. H. Mounce. 2000. The accounting principles instructors influence on students decision to major in accounting, Journal of Education for Business. ? Sekaran. (2003) Measurement Scaling, reliability, validity. In Research methods for business A skill building Approach. John Wiley. ? Zickmund, W. G. 2003. Business Research Meth ods. Thomson South Western, Ohio 48 QUESTIONNAIRE GENERAL reading 1. Gender ? Male ? Female 2. Race ? Malay ? Chinese ? Indian ? Others 3. Basic qualification ? SPM ? STPM Other institution Stated below are a number of questions to test on the factors that influence the respondent in choosing Diploma Accountancy course in KOLEJ ASA. Circle the best answer for each question according to the scale provided below Strongly Agree (5) Agree (4) Unsure (3) Disagree (2) strongly disagree (1) Part 1 PERSONAL FACTORS 1. I like accounting 5 4 3 2 1 2. Accounting is interesting 5 4 3 2 1 3. I would enjoy being an accountant 5 4 3 2 1 4. I am willing to learn accounting subject 5 4 3 2 1 5. I am willing to spend a lot of time studying accounting 5 4 3 2 1 6. I can do better in calculation 5 4 3 2 1 7.I like to answer question in figures 5 4 3 2 1 8. Accounting is a course with lots of class work 5 4 3 2 1 9. Learning accounting is very challenging 5 4 3 2 1 10. I can substantiate high gred poi nt average (GPA) 5 4 3 2 1 Part 2 REFERENCES GROUP 1. My family wants me to choose accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 2. My friends think I should choose accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 3. Other students recommend accounting course to me 5 4 3 2 1 4. My teacher thinks that I should take accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 5. My own motivations for choosing accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 6. My counselor(s) at school recommend accounting course to me 4 3 2 1 7. Performance in secondary school subject matter makes me choose accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 8. My parents occupation encourage me to choose accounting 5 4 3 2 1 9. My parent wants me to choose accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 Part 3 JOB RELATED FACTORS 1. If I choose accounting course, there will be job available for me when I graduate. 5 4 3 2 1 2. If I choose accounting course, there will always be a great job market demand for people like me. 5 4 3 2 1 3. I can get a high paying job if I graduate with accounting 5 4 3 2 1 4. My starting salary will be satisfying if I graduate with accounting 5 4 3 2 1 5.Accountants are boring people 5 4 3 2 1 6. Being an accountant has a lot of prestige 5 4 3 2 1 7. The accounting profession is well respected 5 4 3 2 1 8. Accounting is a profession on par with medicine and law 5 4 3 2 1 9. Accounting is a field with broad exposure to business 5 4 3 2 1 Suggestions / Comments _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time in completing the questionnaire. I am sure that the responses will be a great help and useful for the purpose of this research. picpic